Development and validation of instruments measuring body image and body weight dissatisfaction in South African mothers and their daughters     

Mciza Z  Goedecke JH  Steyn NP  Charlton K  Puoane T  Meltzer S  Levitt NS  Lambert EV 《Public health nutrition》2005,8(5):509-519

OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate questionnaires concerning body image perception, body size dissatisfaction and weight-related beliefs in multi-ethnic South African mothers and their daughters. SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Girls attending primary school (ages 9-12 years, n = 333) and their mothers (n = 204) were interviewed regarding their demographics and body image. Weight, height and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body image questions and body mass index (BMI) were compared with silhouettes adapted from the Pathways Study for girls and Stunkard's body image figures for mothers. A Feel-Ideal Difference (FID) index score was created by subtracting the score of the silhouette selected by the participants as 'Ideal' from the one selected as most closely representing their current appearance or 'Feel'. We hypothesised that a higher FID index score would be associated with greater body size dissatisfaction. RESULTS: BMI percentiles in girls (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) and BMI in mothers (r = 0.68, P < 0.05) were positively correlated with the selected silhouettes based on size. Participants who reported feelings of being 'fat' and those who perceived that their family and friends were more dissatisfied with their body size had significantly higher FID index scores. Scores were lower in black than white girls (all P<0.05). No differences were found in FID index scores between ethnic groups of mothers. Internal reliability of the 'thin' and 'fat' belief constructs for girls was demonstrated by standardised Cronbach's alpha values > or = 0.7. CONCLUSION: Silhouettes, FID index, 'fat' and 'thin' belief constructs (in girls) are age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and can be used in further intervention studies to understand body image.  相似文献   

Effects of dried natto diet on the transcript levels of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, coactivator-1α and -1β, and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 genes in laying hens     

Yuta Seo  Takuya Kubota  Masami Sudo  Naomi Toda  Yasuki Ogawa  Yuji Miyaguchi 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13522

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First robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in a client-owned Bernese mountain dog with prostatic adenocarcinoma     

Alexander Schlake DVM  Paolo Dell'Oglio MD  Nausikaa Devriendt DVM  DECVS  Lisa Stammeleer DVM  Anna Binetti DVM  Kevin Bauwens BSc  BBioTech  MBiS  MLAS  Naomi Terriere DVM  Jimmy Saunders DVM  DECVDI  Alexandre Mottrie MD  PhD  Hilde de Rooster DVM  PhD  DECVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2020,49(7):1458-1466

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Independent and parallel recruitment of preexisting mechanisms underlying C₄ photosynthesis     

Brown NJ  Newell CA  Stanley S  Chen JE  Perrin AJ  Kajala K  Hibberd JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6023):1436-1439

C? photosynthesis allows increased photosynthetic efficiency because carbon dioxide (CO?) is concentrated around the key enzyme RuBisCO. Leaves of C? plants exhibit modified biochemistry, cell biology, and leaf development, but despite this complexity, C? photosynthesis has evolved independently in at least 45 lineages of plants. We found that two independent lineages of C? plant, whose last common ancestor predates the divergence of monocotyledons and dicotyledons about 180 million years ago, show conserved mechanisms controlling the expression of genes important for release of CO(2) around RuBisCO in bundle sheath (BS) cells. Orthologous genes from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous C? species also contained conserved regulatory elements that conferred BS specificity when placed into C? species. We conclude that these conserved functional genetic elements likely facilitated the repeated evolution of C? photosynthesis.  相似文献   

Orbitofrontal dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected relatives     

Chamberlain SR  Menzies L  Hampshire A  Suckling J  Fineberg NA  del Campo N  Aitken M  Craig K  Owen AM  Bullmore ET  Robbins TW  Sahakian BJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5887):421-422

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors associated with underlying dysregulation of frontostriatal circuitry. Central to neurobiological models of OCD is the orbitofrontal cortex, a neural region that facilitates behavioral flexibility after negative feedback (reversal learning). We identified abnormally reduced activation of several cortical regions, including the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, during reversal learning in OCD patients and their clinically unaffected close relatives, supporting the existence of an underlying previously undiscovered endophenotype for this disorder.  相似文献   

Science and engineering visualization challenge. Multimedia     

Lubick N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5639):1474-1476

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Science and engineering visualization challenge. Photography     

Lubick N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5639):1472-1473

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Marine research. Congress fiddles with law while scientists burn     

Lubick N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5625):1486-1487

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Asynchronous diversification in a specialized plant-pollinator mutualism     

Ramírez SR  Eltz T  Fujiwara MK  Gerlach G  Goldman-Huertas B  Tsutsui ND  Pierce NE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6050):1742-1746

Most flowering plants establish mutualistic associations with insect pollinators to facilitate sexual reproduction. However, the evolutionary processes that gave rise to these associations remain poorly understood. We reconstructed the times of divergence, diversification patterns, and interaction networks of a diverse group of specialized orchids and their bee pollinators. In contrast to a scenario of coevolution by race formation, we show that fragrance-producing orchids originated at least three times independently after their fragrance-collecting bee mutualists. Whereas orchid diversification has apparently tracked the diversification of orchids' bee pollinators, bees appear to have depended on the diverse chemical environment of neotropical forests. We corroborated this apparent asymmetrical dependency by simulating co-extinction cascades in real interaction networks that lacked reciprocal specialization. These results suggest that the diversification of insect-pollinated angiosperms may have been facilitated by the exploitation of preexisting sensory biases of insect pollinators.  相似文献   

Annual changes in ovarian development and plasma estradiol-17β level in reared female common Japanese conger, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Conger myriaster</Emphasis>     

Tomoko?UtohEmail author  Noriyuki?Horie  Naomi?Mikawa  Akihiro?Okamura  Yoshiaki?Yamada  Atsushi?Akazawa  Satoru?Tanaka  Hideo?P?Oka 《Fisheries Science》2005,71(1):38-47

ABSTRACT:   Annual changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI), oocyte diameter, gonadal histology and plasma estradiol-17β (E₂) levels were investigated in female common Japanese conger Conger myriaster in captivity. Juveniles were caught in September 1999 and reared in seawater at temperatures ranging from 10–20°C for 3 years. All fish were immature when captured in September 1999. GSI and oocyte diameter increased from October 2000, peaked between summer and autumn 2001, and bottomed-out in winter 2001. Plasma E₂ level also increased from October 2000, but remained high. The ovarian developmental stage was at the peri-nucleolus stage or the oil droplet stage until September 2000. Vitellogenesis started in October 2000 and oocytes progressed to the tertiary yolk globule stage by summer 2001. However, vitellogenic oocytes regressed in all females after autumn 2001. The neogenetic oocytes began to increase after November 2001 and ovarian development progressed in 2002 as they did in 2001, although maximum GSI in 2002 was half its 2001 value. These data indicate that ovarian development in the common Japanese conger has an annual periodicity, and that these congers may be able to spawn in multiple years under rearing condition.  相似文献