Calves Born after Direct Transfer of Vitrified Bovine In Vitro-produced Blastocysts Derived from Vitrified Immature Oocytes     

AD Vieira  F Forell  C Feltrin  JL Rodrigues 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2008,43(3):314-318

Vitrification has been the method of choice for the cryopreservation of bovine oocytes, as rapid cooling decreases chilling sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo survival and the viability of immature oocytes vitrified using super‐cooled liquid nitrogen. Immature oocytes were randomly allocated to three groups: (i) non‐vitrified control group, (ii) vitrified in normal (?196°C) liquid nitrogen (LN₂) and (iii) vitrified in super‐cooled LN₂ (≤?200°C). Open‐pulled glass micropipettes were used as vitrification containers. Immature oocytes were in vitro‐matured, fertilized and cultured to the blastocyst stage. In vitro viability was assessed by cleavage and blastocyst rates on days 2 and 7 of culture respectively. Vitrified blastocysts derived from the immature vitrified oocytes were directly transferred to synchronous recipients. The in vitro embryo development of vitrified immature oocytes was not influenced by the LN₂ state. After direct transfer (one embryo per recipient) of 16 embryos obtained from immature vitrified oocytes (eight from each vitrified group), two healthy calves were born in each group. These results indicated that vitrification of immature bovine oocytes using glass micropipettes under normal or super‐cooled LN₂, resulted in viable blastocysts and live calves following in vitro embryo production.  相似文献   

Effect of space allowance during rearing and selection criteria on performance of gilts over three parities in a commercial swine production system     

Young MG  Tokach MD  Aherne FX  Dritz SS  Goodband RD  Nelssen JL  Loughin TM 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(11):3181-3193

A total of 1,257 gilts were used to determine the effect of space allowance during rearing and age at puberty on total pigs produced and removal rate over 3 parities. There were 2 treatments. In treatment 1, gilts were given a space allowance of 1.13 m(2)/gilt (15 gilts per pen), and in treatment 2, gilts were given 0.77 m(2)/gilt (22 gilts per pen). Gilts (38 kg and 75 d of age) were individually weighed upon entry and before leaving the rearing site. They were scanned for backfat thickness and loin depth and had their feet and legs scored for structure, movement, and toe evenness before leaving the rearing site. Commencing at approximately 140 d of age, gilts were exposed to a vasectomized boar once daily with age of puberty recorded for all gilts attaining puberty before leaving the rearing site. Gilts were then moved to a specialized gilt breeding farm. When confirmed pregnant, they were moved to 1 of 9 sow farms at random, where gilts remained until removal from that herd. Space allowance in rearing had no effect (P > 0.29) on growth rate in rearing, backfat thickness and loin depth, total pigs produced, or removal rate. A greater percentage of gilts attained puberty (P = 0.02) and attained puberty at a younger age (P < 0.01) when given the greater space allowance in rearing. Gilts given the lower space allowance in rearing had more (P = 0.04) cracks on their rear hooves. Gilts attaining puberty at a younger age (<185 d) had a greater growth rate in rearing, greater backfat thickness at 200 d of age, and produced more (P < 0.05) pigs over parities 1 to 3. Gilts in the fastest growth-rate group in rearing (>860 g/d) had greater (P < 0.05) total born in parity 1, but total pigs produced to the end of parity 3 was not different (P = 0.47). Contrary to expectation, a fast growth rate in rearing did not negatively affect removal rate. Gilts served between 240 to 260 d of age produced more (P < 0.01) pigs by the end of parity 3 than those served at >260 d of age, whereas a greater (P < 0.01) percentage of gilts served at >280 d of age were removed by the end of parity 3. In conclusion, space allowance in rearing did not affect total pigs produced or removal rate; however, gilts that attained puberty at a younger age produced more pigs over parities 1 to 3.  相似文献   

Characterisation of Pasteurella multocida isolated from fowl cholera outbreaks on turkey farms     

PJ BLACKALL  JL PAHOFF  D MARKS†  N FEGAN  CJ MORROW‡ 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(4):135-138

SUMMARY: Biochemical profiles, restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and ribotyping were used to investigate Pasteurella multocida isolates from outbreaks of fowl cholera on 7 turkey farms in New South Wales. While only a single isolate was available from 5 of the farms, multiple isolates, 4 and 12 respectively, were available from the other 2 farms. The available field evidence suggested that 8 outbreaks had occurred with one farm suffering 2 outbreaks. The isolates obtained were all confirmed as Pasteurella multocida . Biochemical profiles allocated the isolates to 4 groups, 3 being variants of P multocida subsp multocida and the fourth being P multocida subsp septica . REA performed with Hpall established 7 groups. Ribotyping using the Hpall digests probed with the 16S rRNA operon of Haemophilus paragallinarum recognised the same 7 groups as REA. Unlike the biochemical profiles, both REA and ribotyping provided a fine subdivision that identified outbreaks as either related or unrelated. The REA and ribotyping patterns as well as biochemical profiles were stable for all isolates from the outbreaks in which multiple isolates were obtained from either the same bird or from different birds. REA and ribotyping were found to be superior to biotyping methods for the investigation of fowl cholera outbreaks.  相似文献   

Effects of protein and carbohydrate sources on digestibility and digesta flow rate in weaned pigs fed a high-fat, dry diet   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W H Turlington  G L Allee  J L Nelssen 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(9):2333-2340

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of protein source (48% CP soybean meal or casein) and carbohydrate source (25% dextrose or 25% lactose) on digestibility and digesta flow rate in early-weaned pigs. Diets contained 10% crude soybean oil and were formulated to contain 3.5 g lysine, 2.3 g Ca and 2.0 g P per 1,000 kcal DE of diet. In Trial 1, nutrient digestibility was greater for older than for younger pigs. Apparent digestibilities for energy, DM, CP and fat were lower (P less than .08) for younger and older pigs fed soybean meal rather than casein. Digestibility of soluble carbohydrates was less (P less than .02) for younger pigs fed soybean meal rather than casein as a protein source. Fat digestibility was lower (P less than .05) in younger pigs fed dextrose than in pigs fed lactose. A protein X carbohydrate source interaction (P less than .01) existed for fat digestibility by older pigs. In Trial 2, pigs were euthanatized, and digestibilities anterior to the ileum and the colon (pre-ileal and pre-cecal) were determined. At the ileum, fat digestibility was lower (P less than .05) for pigs fed soybean meal, whereas CP digestibility was lower (P less than .05) for pigs fed either soybean meal or dextrose. A protein X carbohydrate interaction was observed for ileal digestibilities of DM (P less than .06) and total carbohydrates (P less than .03) with lowest values obtained for the soybean meal plus dextrose diet. For casein diets, digestibility values were similar between the two carbohydrate sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

保育仔猪饲养管理比日粮配方更加重要   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Steve Dritz  Mike Tokach  Joel DeRouchey  Bob Goodband  Jim Nelssen  冯占雨 《国外畜牧学(猪与禽)》2007,27(1):19-22

对早期断奶仔猪而言,一套成功的饲养管理制度必须要克服几方面的问题,而其中的许多问题是相互关联的。因此,一旦这些问题中的某一个出现了显著的不足,虽然仍能制订出可以接受的饲养管理方案,但将使仔猪的生产性能低于期望值。我们研究了许多种生产方式,并与各种各样的人打交道,  相似文献   

Incidence of Unilateral Fertilizations after Low Dose Deep Intrauterine Insemination in Spontaneously Ovulating Sows under Field Conditions     

EA Martinez  JM Vazquez  I Parrilla  C Cuello  MA Gil  H Rodriguez-Martinez  J Roca  JL Vazquez 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2006,41(1):41-47

A new procedure for non-surgical deep intrauterine insemination (DUI) in unrestrained sows hormonally induced to ovulate, has been reported. In comparison with standard artificial insemination (AI), with this procedure, the sperm numbers inseminated can be reduced 20-fold without reducing the reproductive performance of these hormonally treated sows. The present study evaluated, using two experiments, the reproductive performance applying 20-fold different sperm numbers per AI dose using DUI or standard AI in spontaneously ovulating sows, under field conditions. In experiment 1, AI was applied to crossbred sows at 12, 24 and 36 h after onset of spontaneous oestrus using one of the following two regimes: (i) DUI (treatment) with 0.15 x 10(9) fresh boar spermatozoa in 5 ml of Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) extender (n = 95), and (ii) standard cervical AI (control) with 2.85 x 10(9) fresh spermatozoa in 95 ml of BTS extender (n = 95). The farrowing rates of the two groups of sows were statistically similar (NS). However, a decrease (p < 0.002) in litter size and the total number of pigs born alive was observed in sows inseminated with the DUI procedure. In experiment 2, 42 post-weaned oestrus sows were inseminated following the same design described for experiment 1 during spontaneous oestrus. On day 6 after onset of oestrus, the proximal segment of the uterine horns of the sows were flushed under surgery to retrieve eventual embryos and evaluate the success of fertilization per cornua (e.g. occurrence of effective uni- vs bilateral sperm transport rendering uni- or bilateral, complete or partial fertilization). Retrieved embryos were assessed for cleavage and number of accessory spermatozoa. Although identical overall pregnancy rates were achieved in both insemination groups, the percentage of sows with partial bilateral fertilization and unilateral fertilization was markedly higher (p < 0.05) in the DUI group (35%) compared with the control (standard AI) group (5%), with a consequent lower (p < 0.001) percentage of viable early embryos after DUI. The number of accessory spermatozoa in the zona pellucida of the embryos was highly variable, but higher (p < 0.001) in control animals than in DUI-AI. No accessory spermatozoa were found in oocytes retrieved from sows depicting unilateral fertilization. In conclusion, DUI in spontaneously ovulating sows with 0.15 x 10(9) spermatozoa renders similar farrowing rates but a lower litter size compared with use of standard AI with a 20-fold higher sperm dose. The lower litter size ought to be related to a decreased distribution of spermatozoa after DUI leading to a higher incidence of partial bilateral and unilateral fertilization.  相似文献   

Effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and body composition in nursery and growing-finishing pigs.     

K Q Owen  J L Nelssen  R D Goodband  M D Tokach  K G Friesen 《Journal of animal science》2001,79(6):1509-1515

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and carcass composition of nursery and growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1,216 weanling pigs (initially 4.9 kg and 19 to 23 d of age) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs were blocked by weight in a randomized complete block design (six pigs per pen and six pens per treatment). Four barrows and four gilts were used to determine initial carcass composition. L-Carnitine replaced ground corn in the control diets to provide 250, 500, 750, 1,000, or 1,250 ppm. On d 35, three barrows and three gilts per treatment (one pig/block) were killed to provide carcass compositions. L-Carnitine had no effect (P > 0.10) on growth, percentages of carcass CP and lipid, or daily protein accretion. However, daily lipid accretion tended to decrease and then return to values similar to those for control pigs (quadratic P < 0.10) with increasing dietary L-carnitine. In Exp. 2, 96 crossbred pigs (initially 34.0 kg BW) were used to investigate the effect of increasing dietary L-carnitine in growing-finishing pigs. Pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) were blocked by weight and sex in a randomized complete block design (two pigs/pen and eight pens/treatment). Dietary L-carnitine replaced cornstarch in the control diet to provide 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm in grower (34 to 56.7 kg; 1.0% lysine) and finisher (56.7 to 103 kg; 0.80% lysine) diets. At 103 kg, one pig/pen was slaughtered, and standard carcass measurements were obtained. Dietary L-carnitine did not influence growth performance (P > 0.10). However, increasing dietary carnitine decreased average and tenth-rib back-fat (quadratic, P < 0.10 and 0.05), and increased percentage lean and daily CP accretion rate (quadratic, P < 0.05). Break point analysis projected the optimal dosage to be between 49 and 64 ppm of L-carnitine for these carcass traits. It is concluded that dietary carnitine fed during the nursery or growing-finishing phase had no effect on growth performance; however, feeding 49 to 64 ppm of L-carnitine during the growing-finishing phase increased CP accretion and decreased tenth-rib backfat.  相似文献   

Effects of modified tall oil versus a commercial source of conjugated linoleic acid and increasing levels of modified tall oil on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

O'Quinn PR  Nelssen JL  Goodband RD  Unruh JA  Woodworth JC  Smith JS  Tokach MD 《Journal of animal science》2000,78(9):2359-2368

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched feed additives for swine. These additives included a source of CLA that was commercially available (CLA-60) and modified tall oil (MTO). Experiment 1 used 36 barrows (initially 37.6+/-2.8 kg) to compare the effects of CLA-60 and MTO on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. The corn-soybean meal diets contained .50% soybean oil (control), .50% CLA-60, or .50% MTO. Pigs fed CLA-60 had less (P = .03) ADG from 37.6 to 72.6 kg than the control pigs; otherwise, pigs fed either CLA-60 or MTO had growth performance similar (P > .15) to that of the control pigs. Pigs fed MTO grew faster (P = .03) and consumed more feed (P = .10) over the duration of the experiment (37.6 to 106.4 kg) than pigs fed CLA-60. Dietary treatment did not affect (P > .15) plasma triglycerides or carcass characteristics, but pigs fed either MTO or CLA-60 had greater saturation of fatty acids in the adipose tissue at the 10th rib than pigs fed the control diet. Experiment 2 used 80 barrows (initially 33.4+/-2.2 kg) to examine the effects of increasing levels of MTO on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. The corn-soybean meal diet contained 1% cornstarch, which was replaced with MTO to give dietary levels of .25, .50, or 1.00% MTO. Dietary treatment did not affect (P > .15) growth performance. Feeding increasing levels of MTO quadratically decreased (P = .02) average backfat thickness and longissimus muscle drip loss (P = .04) and quadratically increased longissimus muscle area (P = .07) and percentage lean (P = .03). Feeding MTO tended to increase belly firmness (P < .10) compared with pigs fed the control diet. These traits appeared to be optimized with .50% MTO. In summary, pigs fed MTO had greater ADG, ADFI, and ending BW than pigs fed CLA-60. Feeding MTO does not appear to affect growth performance but improves carcass lean content and may additionally improve some aspects of meat quality in growing-finishing pigs.  相似文献   

Effects of modified tall oil and creatine monohydrate on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

O'Quinn PR  Andrews BS  Goodband RD  Unruh JA  Nelssen JL  Woodworth JC  Tokach MD  Owen KQ 《Journal of animal science》2000,78(9):2376-2382

The effects of feeding modified tall oil (MTO) and creatine monohydrate (CMH) on growing-finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were determined. Eighty cross-bred barrows (initially 45.4 kg) were allotted randomly to one of four dietary treatments by weight and ancestry. The experiment was arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial with two levels of MTO (0 or 0.50%), which were fed throughout the growing-finishing period, and two levels of CMH (0 or 25 g/d), which were fed for the final 10 d before slaughter. The corn-soybean meal diets were fed in two phases (45.4 to 78.9 kg and 78.9 to 117.5 kg BW). When CMH was added to the diet in place of corn, average BW was 107.5 kg. Feeding MTO increased (P < 0.05) ADG and gain:feed ratio (G/F) during the 45.4- to 78.9-kg growth interval and tended to improve (P = 0.10) G/F during the 45.4- to 107.5-kg growth interval. Dietary treatment did not affect (P > 0.15) growth performance during the 78.9- to 107.5-kg growth interval. Modified tall oil increased (P = 0.02) G/F during the 10-d CMH supplementation period, and CMH numerically (P = 0.11) increased ADG and G/F. Supplementation of CMH did not affect (P > 0.20) any measured carcass characteristic or measures of meat quality at 24 h or 14 d postmortem. Feeding MTO reduced average back-fat (P = 0.05) and 10th rib backfat (P = 0.01) but did not affect (P > 0.10) other measured carcass characteristics or measures of meat quality at 24 h postmortem. Modified tall oil increased (P = 0.02) L* values (lightness) and tended to increase (P < 0.10) thawing and cooking losses of longissimus muscle chops at 14 d postmortem. These data demonstrate that MTO improves growth performance and reduces backfat in growing-finishing pigs, but supplementation of CMH, under the conditions of this experiment, was not beneficial for growing-finishing pigs.  相似文献   

Effects of a Progesterone‐Based Oestrous Synchronization Protocol in 51‐ to 57‐Day Postpartum High‐Producing Dairy Cows     

I Garcia‐Ispierto  F Lpez‐Gatius  G Bech‐Sbat  JL Yniz  E Angulo  C Maris  S Floc&#x;h  A Martino 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2010,45(5):e168-e173

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applying a progesterone‐based oestrous synchronization protocol at 51–57 days postpartum in high‐producing dairy cows. The data analysed were derived from 1345 lactating cows. Cows between 51 and 57 days postpartum were assigned to the groups: control, PRID (receiving a progesterone‐releasing intravaginal device for 9 days, and prostaglandin F_2α 24 h before PRID removal) or GnRH–PRID (the same as the PRID group plus GnRH at PRID insertion). Oestrus was detected by using pedometers and confirmed by examination of the genital tract at AI. Oestrous and conception rates before days 71–77 postpartum, pregnancy loss in early pregnant cows or the cumulative conception rate registered on day 120 postpartum were considered as the dependent variables in four consecutive logistic regression analyses. Based on the odds ratios, the oestrous rate increased by a factor of 1.73 in cows showing oestrus before treatment for each unit increase in the number of previous oestruses; decreased by a factor of 0.44 in the control group with respect to the treatment groups; and by a factor of 0.61 in cows without luteal structures at treatment with respect to cows with corpora lutea. The conception rates of cows inseminated before days 71–77 postpartum remained similar across the groups, whereas the likelihood of pregnancy loss for cows becoming pregnant during this period was 0.11 times lower in the PRID group than in the control. Based on the odds ratio, the likelihood of a higher cumulative conception rate on day 120 postpartum: increased in cows showing oestrus before treatment by a factor of 1.41 for each unit increase in the number of previous oestruses, was reduced 0.56‐fold in control cows compared with treated cows, and was also reduced by a factor of 0.98 for each kilogram of milk production increase recorded at treatment. In conclusion, although oestrous synchronization programmes performed in this study did not improve fertility, cows treated with progesterone could be inseminated earlier than untreated cows, such that the treatments increased the cumulative pregnancy rates determined on day 120 postpartum. In addition, fewer pregnancy losses were observed in early pregnant cows in the PRID group than the GnRH–PRID group.  相似文献