Rural Design: A New Design Discipline – Edited by Dewey Thorbeck , New York: Routledge, 2012. 272 pp. $41.95 (paperback). ISBN 978‐0‐415‐59320‐5.     

Katherine Nesse 《Growth and change》2013,44(4):677-679

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Selection for immune response in goats: the antibody response to diphtheria toxoid after 12 years of selection.     

D M Eide  T Adn?y  G Klemetsdal  L L Nesse  H J Larsen 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(10):3967-3976

A herd of Norwegian dairy goats was subject to selection for high and low antibody response to diphtheria toxoid for 12 yr, or approximately 5.5 generations because sires were used for one mating season, whereas dams were used several years. The herd comprised approximately 100 milking goats. Only sires were tested and selected, five to seven sires were used in each line each year, and the percentage of male kids used for breeding varied between 15 and 50%. The mean phenotypic values of the lines diverged until the 4th yr, but the lines did not diverge any further. The means of both lines decreased during the experimental period. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimate of the heritability of the trait in the base population was .19, whereas the realized heritability approached zero in the last six cycles of selection. Using the REML-estimate of heritability in an individual animal model, the mean breeding values (BLUP) of the lines were significantly different. The difference in mean BLUP values between the lines increased throughout the study. Yet, this increase was only 40% from the 2nd to the 12th yr. No effect of a major gene was observed in a test based on individual BLUP.  相似文献   

Metal content of an indigenous moss in Armadale,Central Scotland     

F. A. Yule  O. LL. Lloyd 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,21(1-4):261-270

As part of a survey of patterns of disease in relation to air pollution in various towns, atmospheric concentrations of metals were measured in Armadale, West Lothian. The first survey of metallic pollutants in the environment consisted of measuring selected metal concentrations in indigenous Hypnum cupressiforme throughout Armadale. As in other surveys using this moss, Hypnum proved to be most useful in collecting at least 9 metals from the atmosphere. Some values, such as Fe, were significantly lower in Armadale, than those levels found in a similar survey sited around a steelworks in Consett, England. However, other metals such as Cu were present in much higher concentrations. All metals measured (apart from Pb values, which showed the influence of traffic routes) revealed an increasing concentration from the periphery of the town towards the vicinity of Armadale's steel foundry.  相似文献   

Clearance of para-aminohippuric acid in wethers consuming locoweed     

JR Strickland  MA Custis  AK Ashley  LL Smith  JL Klotz  CR Krehbiel 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):288-292

AIM: To validate the use of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) as a marker for measuring blood flow in wethers consuming a mixed diet of locoweed and blue grama hay.

METHODS: Fourteen sheep, stratified by bodyweight (BW), were assigned to one of three treatments: 0.8 mg swainsonine (SW)/kg BW (HI), 0.2 mg SW/kg BW (LO), and no SW (Control). Sheep were fed various ratios of locoweed and blue grama hay to deliver SW treatments, for 28 days prior to infusion of PAH. Concentrations of SW and activities of alkaline phosphatase (Alk-P) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum were measured to confirm exposure to SW and subclinical intoxication. A single 20-ml injection of 5% PAH was delivered into the jugular vein after subclinical intoxication had been achieved. Blood samples were collected and serum analysed for PAH immediately prior to injection, then every 5 min from 5–30 min, and every 10 min from 30–60 min, following injection of PAH.

RESULTS: Effective delivery of SW was evident from the greater concentrations of SW measured in the serum of HI compared with LO animals (p<0.05). No significant differences were detected in the rate of elimination (range 0.097–0.108 L/min), elimination half-life (range 6.62–7.24 min), apparent volume of distribution for the central compartment (range 7.14–9.72 L), and clearance (range 0.73–0.92 L/min) of PAH, between treatments.

CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical intoxication with SW did not affect the pharmacokinetics of PAH. Thus, use of downstream dilution of PAH is a valid method to determine the rate of blood flow in nutrient flux experiments that involve consumption of locoweed.  相似文献   

Effects of Storing Pig Ovaries at 4 or 20°C for Different Periods of Time on the Morphology and Viability of Pre-Antral Follicles     

CM Lucci  LL Schreier  GM Machado  CA Amorim  SN Báo  JR Dobrinsky 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2007,42(1):76-82

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cooling ovarian tissue on pig pre-antral follicles. Ovaries were maintained in saline solution (0.9%) at 4 or 20 degrees C for 6, 12 or 18 h. After storage, pre-antral follicles were morphologically evaluated. While primordial follicles were not affected by the storage, the percentage of morphologically normal growing follicles was significantly reduced in ovarian tissue stored at 20 degrees C for 12 or 18 h. To test the viability of stored follicles, growing follicles isolated from ovaries stored at 4 degrees C for 18 h and at 20 degrees C for 6 h were cultured for 3 days. Follicles stored in either condition presented the same growth pattern in vitro as fresh follicles. We conclude that storage of pig ovaries at 4 degrees C for up to 18 h or at 20 degrees C for up to 6 h does not affect the morphology of growing follicles or their ability to grow in vitro.  相似文献   

Peat replacement in horticultural growth media: the adequacy of coir,paper sludge and biogas digestate as growth medium constituents for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)     

Astrid Solvåg Nesse  Trine Sogn  Trond Børresen  Bente Foereid 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2019,69(4):287-294

Purpose: Due to environmental concerns, efforts are made to replace the use of peat in horticultural growth media by organic wastes. Four growth media were prepared with the purpose of achieving adequate physical and chemical properties for plant production. Materials and methods: Growth media prepared from mixtures of coir (C) and paper sludge (P), respectively, with two biogas digestates from food waste (D₁ and D₂), were tested. These mixtures, 20% D₁ or D₂?+?80% C or P (v/v), were evaluated as growth media for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Results and conclusion: The growth media were all physically stable during the growing period, provided all the macronutrients and most of the micronutrients necessary for plant growth, adequate pH conditions, as well as an adequate electrical conductivity. The mixture of D₂ and P produced the highest biomass compared to a mineral fertilised peat (control), with a biomass production of 76% of the control for lettuce and 54% for tomato. Causes for the biomass reduction relative to the control may be related to ammonium toxicity effects, and/or limited plant-available water. The digestates, particularly D₁, seemed also to have a phytotoxic effect on the germination.  相似文献   

Transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China     

Tuck-Fatt SIEW  Petra DLL 《干旱区科学》2012,4(2):196-210

There is a growing need for both science and practice domains to collaboratively and systematically seek knowledge-based strategies for sustainable development.In recent years,transdisciplinary research has emerged as a new approach that enables joint problem solving among scientists and stakeholders in various fields. In this paper,we aim to introduce transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of the concept of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,Northwest China.While a large number of ecosystem service studies have helped to raise the awareness for the value of nature in China,a number of challenges remain,including an improved understanding of the relationships between ecosystem structure, functions and services,and the interaction of the various ecosystem services.A meaningful valuation of ecosystem services also requires the consideration of their strong spatial heterogeneity.In addition,ways to introduce the concept of ecosystem services into decision-making in China need to be explored.Thus,successful integration of the concept of ecosystem services into actual land and water management requires a broad knowledge base that only a number of scientific disciplines and stakeholders can provide jointly,via a transdisciplinary research process.We regard transdisciplinary research as a recursive process to support adaptive management that includes joint knowledge generation and integration among scientists and stakeholders.System,target,and transformation knowledge are generated and integrated during the process of(1)problem(re)definition,(2)problem analysis and strategy development,and(3)evaluation of the impact of the derived strategy.Methods to support transdisciplinary research comprise participatory modelling(actor-based modelling and Bayesian Networks modelling)and participatory scenario development.Actor-based modelling is a semi-quantitative method that is based on the analysis of problem perspectives of individual stakeholders as depicted in perception graphs.With Bayesian Networks,complex problem fields are modelled probabilistically in a simplified manner,using both quantitative data and qualitative expert judgments.These participatory methods serve to integrate diverse scientific and stakeholder knowledge and to support the generation of actually implementable management strategies for sustainable development.For the purpose of integrating ecosystem services in land and water management in the Tarim River Basin through transdisciplinary research,collaboration among scientists and institutional stakeholders from different sectors including water,agriculture,forestry,and nature conservation is required.The challenge is to adapt methods of transdisciplinary research to socio-cultural conditions in China,particularly regarding ways of communication and decision-making.  相似文献   

Groundfish species diversity and assemblage structure in Icelandic waters during recent years of warming     

LILJA STEFANSDOTTIR  JÓN SOLMUNDSSON  GUÐRÚN MARTEINSDOTTIR  KRISTJÁN KRISTINSSON  JÓNAS PÁLL JONASSON 《Fisheries Oceanography》2010,19(1):42-62

Elevated ocean temperatures have been predicted to lead to a poleward shift in the latitudinal distribution ranges of fish species. Different responses of fish species to increased temperatures might lead to changes in assemblage structure and local species richness. In this study, the assemblage structure and diversity of groundfish in Icelandic waters were examined using data from a standardized groundfish survey conducted annually in 1996–2007. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to define assemblages in two time periods and canonical correspondence analysis to explore the relationships between the assemblages and temperature, depth, latitude, longitude and year. We further used two estimates of diversity, species richness and the Shannon index. Four major species assemblages were identified. Assemblages in the hydrographically stable deep waters north of the country were consistent during the study, while assemblage structure in the more variable shallow waters underwent some changes. For this period of generally increasing sea temperature, the canonical correspondence analysis also revealed a shift towards species representative of warmer temperatures. Diversity was shown to be highly variable both temporally and spatially, and also to vary with depth and temperature. Species richness increased with temperature and time southwest of the country, but decreased northeast of the country. The different trends detected between the northern and southern areas illustrate the importance of performing analyses at the most appropriate scale.  相似文献   

Formulary of Equine Medicine     

BM ANGUS  LL CALLOW  RJ DALGLIESH  AJ de  VOS 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(3):193-193

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Wound care antiseptics - performance differences against Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm     

Lene K Vestby  Live L Nesse 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is commonly isolated from infected wounds both in animals and humans. It is known to be an excellent biofilm former and biofilms are present in as many as 60% of chronic wounds. Despite that the presence of biofilms in infections are common, antiseptics are usually qualified for in vivo testing according to their effect on planktonic cells. As it is well known that bacteria in biofilms are more tolerant to antiseptics than planktonic bacteria, biofilm infections can be difficult to treat. The aim of the study was to compare three different categories of antiseptics, biguanide (chlorhexidine), quaternary ammonium compound (QAC; Pyrisept) and iodine/iodophores (2% iodine liniment), with regards to efficacy in killing S. aureus in biofilm. If there was observed a difference in efficacy between these antiseptics, a second aim was to find the most effective of the three antiseptics.

Results

Large differences in the bactericidal effect of the different antiseptics against S. aureus in biofilm were observed in the present study. Iodine treatment was found to be the most effective followed by Pyrisept and chlorhexidine.

Conclusions

The bactericidal effect of the different antiseptics used in the present study was found to vary significantly against S. aureus in biofilm. The present study gives valuable knowledge with regards to selecting the antiseptics that are most likely to be successful in treating biofilm infected wounds. This study also contributes to focus attention on the importance of qualifying antiseptics based on results using biofilm bacteria rather than planktonic bacteria.  相似文献