Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: a review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts          下载免费PDF全文

Twiner MJ  Rehmann N  Hess P  Doucette GJ 《Marine drugs》2008,6(2):39-72

Azaspiracids (AZA) are polyether marine toxins that accumulate in various shellfish species and have been associated with severe gastrointestinal human intoxications since 1995. This toxin class has since been reported from several countries, including Morocco and much of western Europe. A regulatory limit of 160 microg AZA/kg whole shellfish flesh was established by the EU in order to protect human health; however, in some cases, AZA concentrations far exceed the action level. Herein we discuss recent advances on the chemistry of various AZA analogs, review the ecology of AZAs, including the putative progenitor algal species, collectively interpret the in vitro and in vivo data on the toxicology of AZAs relating to human health issues, and outline the European legislature associated with AZAs.  相似文献   

Culling before testing in swine: identification of culling strategy and estimation of culling precision.     

L J Appel  E Strandberg  B Danell  N Lundeheim 《Journal of animal science》1999,77(7):1666-1678

The aim of this simulation study was to identify culling strategy and to estimate culling precision based on various characteristics available in field data in order to evaluate the ability to detect situations in which adjustment for missing data should be applied in genetic evaluation. Data were simulated for age at 100 kg of live weight (AGE) measured on the farm. Culling was done within (C-W/IN) or over (C-OVER) litters by deleting records from the simulated datasets with culling intensities of .33 and .67. The culling variate (CVAR) used indicated the culling precision and had genetic and phenotypic correlations of 1.00, .75, .50, .25, or .00 with AGE (r(CVAR,AGE)). We were able to distinguish between culling strategies C-OVER and C-W/IN by means of decision rules based on proportion of tested animals per litter. Estimates of r(CVAR,AGE) were obtained from calibration curves for linear regression coefficients of litter average or within-litter variance for AGE on proportion of tested animals, and within- and between-litter variance (V(W) and V(B)) for AGE. Moderate to high r(CVAR,AGE) could be identified with little error by using V(W) or V(B) in C-W/IN and V(W) in C-OVER. Within-litter variance and the weighted average of the estimates from all four characteristics were well able to detect r(CVAR,AGE) values of .50 and higher in both C-W/IN and C-OVER. In conclusion, characteristics of swine field data with missing observations contain information that makes it possible to determine culling strategy, intensity, and precision. This information can be used to decide whether missing data should be replaced by their expected values in genetic evaluation.  相似文献   

On the Fine Structure and Mucosubstances in the Bulbourethral Gland in the Domestic Boar     

Ellen Holm  Nielsen  Vibeke Wang  Sørensen Nils  Björkman 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》1977,6(3):278-283

The purpose was to study the fine structure of the cells and the histochemistry of the mucosubstances of the porcine bulbourethral gland. The material comprised adult boars from the Danish Landrace, two for electron microscopy and 10 for ordinary histology and histochemistry. The methods included histology, electron microscopy and histochemical tests on mucosubstances. The fine structure of the cells and the histochemistry of the mucosubstances of the secretory granules were described. The functional aspects of the findings were discussed.  相似文献   

Spatial distribution of Escherichia coli O157-positive farms in Scotland     

Toft N  Innocent GT  McKendrick IJ  Ternent HE  Mellor DJ  Gunn GJ  Synge B  Reid SW 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,71(1-2):45-56

Using a sample of 949 Scottish farms with finishing cattle, the spatial distribution of Escherichia coli O157-positive farms was investigated using disease mapping models. The overall prevalence of E. coli O157-positive farms was estimated as 22%. The regions used in this study were the 16 postcode areas of Scotland. For each region, the posterior relative risk (RR) was estimated as a model-based alternative to the saturated standardized morbidity ratio (SMR), i.e., the ratio between observed and expected cases in a region. Three Bayesian hierarchical models with generalized linear modeling of the area-specific risks were used to estimate the posterior relative risk of E. coli O157-positive farms in the postcode areas: a random-effects model incorporating only spatially uncorrelated heterogeneity; a model incorporating both spatially correlated and uncorrelated heterogeneity; and a pseudo-mixture model with unstructured correlation and a weighted mix of two variance components representing the spatial correlation and a jump structure. None of the models identified any areas with a significant increase or decrease in risk. The deviance information criteria slightly favored the simplest model (RR range: 0.92--1.09). However, this model appeared to smooth out more of the variation in the RR compared to the pseudo-mixture model, which gave a more informative pattern of the posterior relative risks (range: 0.81--1.22).  相似文献   

Lameness in piglets. Abrasions in nursing piglets and transfer of protection towards infections with Streptococci from sow to offspring     

Zoric M  Sjölund M  Persson M  Nilsson E  Lundeheim N  Wallgren P 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2004,51(6):278-284

A group of 175 newborn piglets were monitored with respect to development of abrasions and lameness. Lameness was diagnosed in 10.9% of the piglets. About every second litter was affected and around 75% of these diagnoses took place during the first 3 weeks of life. Skin lesions were present already on day 3. They increased in magnitude until day 10 and thereafter declined. They were generally bilateral and most commonly observed as abrasions over the carpal joints. Hocks, face and tails were affected in a similar way, but at lower magnitudes. Sole bruising was observed in 87% of the piglets on the third day of life, and moderate to severe lesions dominated until day 10. Thereafter the incidence decreased, indicating healing with time. Still 39% of the piglets were affected at day 17. There was a significant positive correlation between skin lesions of carpus and hock within all examination days in selected piglets with known identity (n = 48). Between day 10 and 17 significant positive correlations were found within all examination sites with exception of abdomen and teats. The offspring of sows treated against mastitis expressed more abrasions then piglets delivered by healthy sows and the mortality during the first 17 days postpartum was significantly higher among piglets delivered by sows treated for mastitis. The level of serum antibodies to Streptococcus equisimilis in eight dams decreased during the last month of gestation and a declining maternal immunity to S. equisimilis was demonstrated in all piglets (n = 47) during the first 5 weeks of life. During the first 2 weeks of life somewhat lower median levels of serum antibodies were recorded among the piglets that were treated against arthritis (n = 8).  相似文献   

Action of pesticides on earthworms. Part IV: Uptake and elimination of oxamyl compared with carbofuran     

J Rgen Stenersen  Nils ien 《Pest management science》1980,11(4):396-400

Uptake and excretion of the two carbamates, oxamyl and carbofuran, which differ greatly in their toxicity to earthworms, were studied in one worm species; the metabolism of oxamyl was studied in six worm species. Carbofuran was taken up by the worms at a much higher rate (13 times greater) than oxamyl when the worms were dipped in aqueous solutions of the pesticides. The relative rates of elimination were the same (half-life 2.5 h). Metabolism of oxamyl was low in all the earthworms studied. The low rate of uptake may therefore be the main factor for the safety of oxamyl in respect of these important non-target organisms.  相似文献   

Neurogenic and Myogenic Responses in Isolated Smooth Muscle of The Bovine Teat     

Axel Isaksson  Nils O. Sjstrand 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1984,25(3):385

Strips of bovine teat smooth muscle were studied. Their innervation was investigated with analytical pharmacology on field stimulated preparations. The content of noradrenaline in the teat wall and the sphincter region was determined. The main results were: teat smooth muscle has properties of single unit smooth muscle i.e. automaticity and active response to stretch. Especially the sphincter region is inclined to rapid phasic rhythmicity. The teat smooth muscle receives excitatory adrenergic innervation. The noradrenaline released from the nerves preferentially activates α-adrenoceptors, while β-adrenoceptors essentially are noninnervated and humoral. The sphincter region has a higher concentration of noradrenaline and a more intimate neuro-effector arrangement. This is probably of functional significance. Moderate chilling increases the response to adrenergic nerve stimulation while it is decreased at higher temperatures. This has most likely physiological importance. The results are discussed with respect to in vivo findings and it is concluded that the bovine teat smooth muscle with its excitatory adrenergic nerves forms a normally very efficient neuro-effector system with a particular strength in the sphincter around the streak canal.  相似文献   

Effect of temperature and humidity on sperm morphology in duroc boars under different housing systems in Thailand   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Suriyasomboon A  Lundeheim N  Kunavongkrit A  Einarsson S 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2005,67(8):777-785

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of season, temperature, humidity, age of the boar, and semen collection interval on sperm morphology in Duroc boars in Thailand, kept either in a conventional open air system (CONV) or in an evaporative cooling system (EVAP). In total, 1176 ejaculates from 110 sexually mature boars in six CONV herds and five EVAP herds were morphologically examined during a one-year period. Analysis of variance was applied to the data. Minor differences in the sperm morphology traits analyzed were found between the housing systems. There was a significant seasonal effect (two-month periods) on the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (normal1), morphologically normal spermatozoa including spermatozoa with distal cytoplasmic droplets (normal2), proximal cytoplasmic droplets (prox), and sperm head abnormalities (P相似文献   

The prevalences of Brachyspira spp. and Lawsonia intracellularis in Swedish piglet producing herds and wild boar population     

Jacobson M  Gerth Löfstedt M  Holmgren N  Lundeheim N  Fellström C 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2005,52(9):386-391

The aim of the present study was to survey the prevalences of the enteric pathogens Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli and Lawsonia intracellularis in Swedish growing pigs and in the Swedish wild boar population and to relate these findings to clinical signs. The study included 105 randomly selected herds, constituting approximately one third of Swedish herds with a herd size of >100 sows. The herds were located all over the country. In these herds, growth promoters were not used and pigs sampled were not subjected to any medication. From each herd, samples were taken from 10 growing pigs aged 8-12 weeks, corresponding to approximately 2.5% of all growing pigs present in the herd at the sampling occasion. If possible, the samples were taken from pigs with diarrhoea. Forty-eight faecal samples and 71 rectal swabs were also taken from free-living wild boars (31 piglets, 19 growers and 21 adult animals) at shooting. The samples were analysed by culture and biochemical tests for the presence of Brachyspira spp. and by nested PCR for the presence of L. intracellularis. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was not demonstrated in any sample. Brachyspira intermedia was detected in 22 samples originating from 15 herds, Brachyspira innocens/Brachyspira murdochii was detected in 370 samples from 82 herds and B. pilosicoli was detected in 134 samples originating from 34 herds. In 21 herds and in 534 samples, no Brachyspira spp. were detected. Lawsonia intracellularis was demonstrated in 285 samples from 50 herds. Further, 418 samples from conventional herds were negative with respect to L. intracellularis and in 345 samples the PCR had been inhibited. All samples from the wild boars were negative for Brachyspira spp., 12 of 48 samples were negative for L. intracellularis, and in 36 wild boar samples, the PCR was inhibited.  相似文献   

A surgical approach for extensive orbital exenteration in dogs; a description of technique and its application in 4 cases     

Karin Berggren  Nils Wallin Hkansson 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2019,22(3):238-245

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