Thermal Structure of Jupiter's Upper Atmosphere Derived from the Galileo Probe     

A Seiff  DB Kirk  TCD Knight  LA Young  FS Milos  E Venkatapathy  JD Mihalov  RC Blanchard  RE Young  G Schubert 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,276(5309):102-104

Temperatures in Jupiter's atmosphere derived from Galileo Probe deceleration data increase from 109 kelvin at the 175-millibar level to 900 ± 40 kelvin at 1 nanobar, consistent with Voyager remote sensing data. Wavelike oscillations are present at all levels. Vertical wavelengths are 10 to 25 kilometers in the deep isothermal layer, which extends from 12 to 0.003 millibars. Above the 0.003-millibar level, only 90- to 270- kilometer vertical wavelengths survive, suggesting dissipation of wave energy as the probable source of upper atmosphere heating.  相似文献   

Leaf,stolon and root growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in response to irrigation with saline water     

M. E. Rogers  C. L. Noble  M. E. Nicolas  G. M. Halloran 《Irrigation Science》1994,15(4):183-194

The effect of irrigation with water at salinity concentrations of 2.6 and 5.2 dS m^–1 on the growth of pure swards of six cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was examined over three irrigation seasons at Tatura, Victoria, Australia. After two irrigation seasons, soil EC _e levels increased to 6 dS m^–1 at 0–60 cm depth in the higher salinity treatment resulting in highly significant (p < 0.001) reductions in shoot dry matter production, flowering densities and petiole and stolon densities. These saline conditions also increased (p <0.001) concentrations of Cl and Na in the shoots and reduced (p < 0.001) leaf water potentials and canopy photosynthetic efficiency rates especially at high temperatures. In contrast, root growth increased at shallow depths (0–15 cm) under both saline irrigation treatments (p <0.001). Cultivars differed significantly in salt tolerance (p < 0.001), with cultivars Haifa and Irrigation exhibiting superior tolerance in terms of lower reductions in herbage yield (p <0.05) and petiole densities (p <0.001) during one irrigation season and lower concentrations of Na and Cl in the shoots (p <0.05) compared with the other four cultivars (Aran, Kopu, Pitau and Tamar). In addition, canopy photosynthetic efficiency rates (A ^*) in plots irrigated with water at 5.2 dS m^–1 were higher in cultivar Haifa compared with cultivar Tamar (p <0.05). The salt tolerance ranking obtained for the six cultivars was in broad agreement with earlier greenhouse studies. Consequently, it appears that, while white clover is an extremely salt-sensitive species, it is possible to grow cultivars which display greater salt tolerance than other cultivars and which provide some scope to increase, or at least to maintain, pasture yields in areas where the soil salinity is low to moderate or where pumped saline groundwater is re-used for Irrigation.  相似文献   

Prediction of susceptibility of potato tubers to internal bruising by using a pendulum-mounted accelerometer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. Noble 《Potato Research》1985,28(3):285-294

Summary Impact tests were conducted on two potato cultivars: Record, which is susceptible to blackspot, and King Edward, which is susceptible to internal crushing and shatter bruising. The type and size of each bruise resulting from each impact were recorded. A pendulum impact tester which had a piezo-electric accelerometer attached to the impacting head so that the acceleration-time curve of an impact could be recorded on a storage oscilloscope, was used. No difference was found between the dimensions of acceleration-time curves obtained from bruised and undamaged tubers. The occurrence of internal crushing and shatter bruising could be predicted with 77–87% accuracy from the characteristic shape of the acceleration-time curve produced by impacting susceptible tubers. The possibility of identifying the susceptibility of tubers to internal crushing and shatter bruising by using a pendulum impact tester with an accelerometer attached, is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Der Ablauf der Verlangsamung eines auf eine Kartoffelknolle schlagenden Pendels wurde als Schnelltest zur Erfassung der Anf?lligkeit von Knollen gegen spezifische Typen von internen Besch?digungen verwendet. Ein piezoelektrischer Beschleunigungsmesser wurde in den Schlagkopf des Pendels derart eingebaut, dass die Beschleunigungs-Zeitkurve eines Schlages auf einem Lagerungs-Oscilloskop erfasst werden konnte. Für die Schlagtests wurden zwei Kartoffelsorten verwendet: Record, welche gegenüber Schwarzfleckigkeit anf?llig ist, und King Edward, welche gegenüber internen Quetschungen und Schlagverletzungen anf?llig ist. Die Schlagtests wurden an den Knollen zwei Tage nach der Ernte und nach 6-monatiger Lagerung durchgeführt. Typ und Gr?sse jeder Verletzung pro Schlag wurden erfasst. Schwarzfleckigkeit konnte von internen Quetschungen durch die eher blaugraue als braune Verf?rbung unterschieden werden, und bei der eher diffusen als scharfen Abgrenzung der Besch?digungen. Keine Unterschiede ergaben sich zwischen den Dimensionen der Beschleunigungszeit von besch?digten und unbesch?digten Knollen. Betrachtung der Kurven der Beschleunigungszeit von verschiedenen Knollen zeigte die Produktion zweier verschiedener Kurventypen. Die Kurven hatten entweder einfache oder mehrzackige Gipfel (Abb. 2). Von den Einfachgipfel-Schlagkurven konnten 83–87% auf Knollen bezogen werden, die unbesch?digt blieben. Von den Mehrgipfel-Schlagkurven liessen sich 77–78% auf Knollen mit internen Quetschungen oder Schlagverletzungen zurückführen (Tabellen 1 und 2). Kein Unterschied ergab sich zwischen der Form der Beschleunigungs-Zeit-Kurven von Knollen, die Schwarzfleckigkeit entwickelten, und von Knollen, die unbesch?digt blieben. Schwarzfleckigkeit k?nnte mit Sch?digung der Zellinhalte ohne gr?ssere Zellwand-Sch?digung Zusammenh?ngen (McIlroy, 1976). M?glicherweise war der Beschleunigungsmesser nicht empfindlich genug, Schaden nur für die Zellinhalte aufzuzeichnen, jedoch empfindlich genug zur Aufzeichnung von internen Quetschungen und Schlagverletzungen, die mit Zellwand-Sch?digung einhergehen (Hughes, 1981). Diese Begrenzung der Accelerometer-Technik wird als nicht schwerwiegend betrachtet, zumal die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung (Tab. 2) wie auch die Ergebnisse und Beobachtungen anderer Bearbeiter (Hughes, 1981; Specht, 1981) gezeigt haben, dass interne Quetschung und Schlagverletzung die vorherrschenden Formen interner Verletzungen zur Ernte oder kurz danach sind. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass ein Pendelschlag-Testger?t mit einem angebauten Beschleunigungsmesser als Ausleseverfahren für interne Quetschungen und Schlagbesch?digungen in einem frühen Stadium eines Züchtungsprogrammes verwendet wird. Die Technik macht Sch?len oder Schneiden der Knollen nicht erforderlich, ferner wird die zeitliche Verz?gerung bis zur Verf?rbung, die mit der Entwicklung interner Besch?digungen einhergeht, vermieden.

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Résumé La mesure de la décélération d'un pendule percutant un tubercule de pomme de terre est utilisée comme test instantané d'estimation de la sensibilité à différents types d'endommagements internes. Un accéléromètre piézoélectrique est fixé au niveau de la tête d'impact du pendule afin de pouvoir enregistrer la courbe accélération — temps d'un choc sur un oscilloscope à mémoire. Deux variétés de pommes de terre sont utilisées pour les tests: la variété Record sensible au noircissement interne et la variété King Edward sensible à l'écrasement interne et l'éclatement. Les tests d'impacts sont rélisés sur des tubercules récoltés depuis 2 jours on stockés pendant 6 mois. Le type et la taille de l'endommagement sont notés pour chaque impact. Le noircissement interne est distingué de l'écrasement interne par sa coloration gris-bleue plut?t que brune et par des bords moins nets de la zone d'impact. Pour les tubercules blessés ou indemnes, la dimension des courbes accélération-temps est équivalente. L'examen des courbes accélération-temps obtenues à partir de tubercules différents montre qu'il existe deux formes distinctes de courbes: des courbes à pic simple ou à pics multiples. Parmi les courbes d'impact à pic simple, 83–87% correspondent à des tubercules restés indemnes. Parmi les courbes à pics multiples, 77–78% proviennent de tubercules atteints d'écrasement interne ou d'éclatement (tableau 1 et 2). La forme des courbes accélération-temps est semblable pour les tubercules présentant du noircissement interne ou restés indemnes. Le noircissement interne peut être associé à des endommagements intracellulaires sans endommagement important des parois cellulaires (McIlroy, 1976). Il est probable que l'accéléromètre ne soit pas suffisamment sensible pour enregistrer l'endommagement intracellulaire, mais suffisamment pour détecter l'écrasement interne et l'éclatement, qui eux sont associés à l'endommagement des parois cellulaires (Hughes, 1981). Cette restriction n'est pas considérée comme importante d'autantque les résultats de cette étude (tableau 2) ainsi que des travaux d'autres chercheurs (Hughes, 1981; Specht, 1981) ont montré que l'écrasement interne et l'éclatement sont les formes les plus communes d'endommagements internes à la récolte ou juste après récolte. Un système pendulaire couplé à un accéléromètre peut être utilisé comme test de dépistage de la sensibilité à l'écrasement interne et l'éclatement dans les premières étapes d'un programme de sélection. La technique évite le pelage ou le tranchage des tubercules ainsi que les délais nécessaires au développement de la coloration associée à l'endommagement interne.

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Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Oral Administration of Meloxicam to Foals     

S.L. Raidal  S. Edwards  J. Pippia  R. Boston  G.K. Noble 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2013,27(2):300-307

Background

The pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of meloxicam have been evaluated in adult horses, but not foals. Physiologic differences between neonates and adults might alter drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index.

Hypotheses

The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam will be different in foals compared with adult horses, and foals could be at increased risk for adverse drug effects.

Animals

Twenty lightbreed foals less than 6 weeks of age at commencement of the study.

Methods

Single and repeated oral dose pharmacokinetics were determined for meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) in 10 foals. The safety of the drug was further evaluated in a 2nd group of 10 foals in a randomized blinded prospective study.

Results

Plasma concentrations after a single oral dose of meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) and time to maximum plasma concentration were similar to adult horses. However, drug clearance was much more rapid in foals (elimination half‐life 2.48 ± 0.25 hours). Administration of 0.6 mg/kg every 12 hours was well tolerated by foals for up to 3 weeks, with no evidence of drug accumulation in plasma. Adverse effects observed in adult horses at higher dose rates were not observed in foals given 1.8 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Meloxicam at an oral dose rate of 0.6 mg/kg every 12 hours provided plasma concentrations likely to be therapeutic. In contrast to findings for other NSAIDs, foals appeared more resilient to the adverse effects of this drug than was observed in adult horses.  相似文献   

Grb14 mRNA Levels During Follicular Deviation in Cattle are Higher in Granulosa Cells of Subordinate Compared to Dominant Follicles     

RC Bohrer  PRA Rosa  R Ferreira  V Bordignon  JFC Oliveira  PBD Gonçalves 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2013,48(3):396-401

The growth factor receptor‐bound protein 14 (Grb14) is a cellular adapter protein belonging to the Grb7 family of proteins. Studies with human and rodent cells have demonstrated that Grb14 acts as a negative regulator of tyrosine kinase receptor signalling through the MAPK and PI3K pathways. In cattle, tyrosine kinase receptors are activated during follicular development but the role of Grb14 in this process has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize Grb14 mRNA expression in ovarian somatic cells during follicular growth and deviation in cattle. We found Grb14 mRNA expressed in both granulosa and theca cells derived from follicles at different stages of development (3–5 , 6–8, >8 mm in diameter). The abundance of mRNA for Grb14 was higher in granulosa cells of subordinate compared with those from dominant follicles at days 3 and 4 of the follicular wave (p < 0.05). Further, there was a negative correlation between the abundance of mRNA for Grb14 and P450Arom in granulosa cells (R² = 0.367; p < 0.05) and between the abundance of mRNA for Grb14 in granulosa cells and concentration of oestradiol in follicular fluid (R² = 0.545; p < 0.05). In theca cells, the expression of Grb14 mRNA did not differ between dominant and subordinate follicles (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that Grb14 may play a regulatory role in granulosa cells during follicular deviation in cattle.  相似文献   

Peralkaline silicic volcanic rocks in northwestern nevada     

Noble DC  Chipman DW  Giles DL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,160(3834):1337-1338

Late Tertiary silicic ashflow tuffs and lavas peralkaline in chemical character (atomic Na + K greater than Al), mainly comendites, occur over wide areas in northwestern Nevada and appear to be widespread in southeastern Oregon. Such peralkaline rocks-which are not uncommon in the western United States-and other chemically unusual silicic rocks are found near the margins rather than toward the center of the Great Basin.  相似文献   

Development of a specific pathogen-free (SPF) population of the Chinese fleshy prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis: Part 1: Disease Pre-screening and Primary Quarantine     

Carlos R. Pantoja  Xiaoling Song  Lee Xia  Hui Gong  Josh Wilkenfeld  Brenda Noble  Donald V. Lightner 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2005,250(3-4):573-578

A total of 36 gravid female shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, captured off the coast of Qingdao, Peoples Republic of China, from April 20 through April 24, 2001, were examined by PCR for the presence of WSSV and HPV, the two most prevalent viral diseases affecting this species of shrimp in this region of China. Eight spawns, derived from 8 different females, were selected from shrimp where no WSSV or HPV had been detected. Nauplii obtained from 7 individual spawns and unhatched eggs from one other shrimp were transported to the University of Arizona, in Tucson, Arizona, USA, for larval rearing and production of postlarvae under quarantine protocols. The resultant postlarvae were kept in Primary Quarantine for approximately 2 months, while additional tests were performed to determine their specific pathogen-free (SPF) status according to criteria set by the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP). By the time the shrimp had reached an average weight of approximately 0.4 g, no USMSFP specific listed pathogens had been detected in any of the 7 hatches and the shrimp were released into Secondary Quarantine at the Oceanic Institute in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii for production of a F1 generation. This F1 generation may be used as a SPF founder population for propagation and selection programs.  相似文献