Association of herd productivity and bulk-tank somatic cell counts in US dairy herds in 1996     

Ott SL  Novak PR 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,218(8):1325-1330

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of bulk-tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC) and the value of herd productivity (milk produced, calves born, and net costs for cow replacements) in US dairy herds in 1996. DESIGN: Randomized stratified national survey of dairy producers. SAMPLE POPULATION: Records from 1,219 dairy herds in the top 20 dairy states. PROCEDURE: Responses for 1,178 herds had complete information for economic analysis. Per-cow value of production was determined for each herd. Data for herds with high (> or = 400,000 cells/ml) and medium (200,000 to 399,999 cells/ml) BTSCC were compared with values for herds with low BTSCC (< 200,000 cells/ml), using a multivariable regression model. RESULTS: In 1996, milk was priced at $0.287/kg ($13/cwt). Herds with low BTSCC annually generated $103.90/cow more in herd productivity than herds with medium BTSCC and $292.39/cow more than herds with high BTSCC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased BTSCC (> 200,000 cells/ml) were associated with a reduced value of productivity per cow. Thus, dairy producers have a financial incentive to seek out and implement cost-effective management practices that will enable them to decrease their BTSCC to < 200,000 cells/ml and maximize herd productivity.  相似文献   

微量矿物质营养调控对生产高品质禽肉影响的研究     

Curtis Novak  Catalina Troche  王强 《中国家禽》2007,29(15):31-33

长期以来家禽养殖者们都是采用一些预防性措施来确保高产、无病害禽产品进入市场.传统意义上,这些预防性措施包括:良好的饲养管理程序、免疫接种程序、适宜的抗菌素添加剂使用和生物安全.……  相似文献   

Untersuchungen über Produktion und Konsum von Honigtau in Hecken Oberfrankens     

Dipl. Biol. H. Novak 《Journal of pest science》1992,65(3):41-48

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer einjährigen Arbeit wurde die Produktion von Honigtau in oberfränkischen Hecken und dessen Nutzung durch die Arthropodenfauna untersucht. Dazu wurde das Artenpektrum und die Phänologie der phloemsaugenden Insekten mit Hilfe der Klopfprobemethode über die gesamte Vegetationsperiode hinweg erfaßt.Von den 25 an den heckentypischen Gehölzarten festgestellten Phloemsaugern traten die Psylliden an Weißdorn und die Aphididen an Schlehe in besonders großen Individuenzahlen auf. Sie stellten im Untersuchungszeitraum die ergiebigsten Honigtauproduzenten in den bearbeiteten Hecken.Die Honigtauabgabe erreichte an den meisten Heckengehölzen ihr Maximum im Frühjahr, mit einem Abklingen in den Sommermonaten und einem erneuten kleineren Anstieg im Herbst. Demgegenüber dauerte die Blattlausentwicklung an der Schlehe und der Eiche den Sommer über an und ermöglichte so ein kontinuierliches Honigtauangebot für nahrungssuchende Insekten über die ganze Vegetationsperiode.An der Schlehe konnten insgesamt 139 Insekternarten als Honigtau-Besucher festgestellt werden. Die Syrphiden waren dabei mit 16 Arten am zahlreichsten vertreten, wobeiEpisyrphus balteatus (Deg.) die mit Abstand häufigste Honigtau-Besucherin stellte.

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Studies on production and consumption of honeydew in hedges of upper frankonia

In a one-year study, the production of honeydew in hedges of Upper Frankonia and its utilization by food-searching insects were investigated. The phloemfeeding fauna and its seasonal development on hedgeshrubs were assessed by means of the beating method.Out of the 25 sap-sucking species recorded on the shrubs typical for hedges, the Psyllidae on hawthorn (Crataegus spec.) and the Aphididae on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) were most abundant during the period of investigation producing considerable amounts of honeydew.On most hedgeplants honeydew production reached a maximum in spring with a sharp decline in summer and a second but smaller peak in autumn. In contrast, the development of the aphids on blackthorn and oak persisted throughout the summer and therefore there was a continous honeydew supply for foodsearching insect species in the hedges during the season.On blackthorn a total of 139 insect species were recorded taking up honeydew from the plant's surface. In species number as well as in individual number the syrphids were the most frequent honeydew visitors. EspeciallyEpisyrphus balteatus (Deg.) was observed to feed in great numbers on the excretions of aphids.

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Mit 3 Abbildungen und 5 Tabellen  相似文献   

Do the size and landscape context of forest openings influence the abundance and breeding success of shrubland songbirds in southern New England?     

Robert A. Askins  Benjamin Zuckerberg  Leah Novak   《Forest Ecology and Management》2007,250(3):137-147

Early successional birds have declined in the northeastern United States due to the regeneration of forest on abandoned farm fields and the suppression of natural disturbances that once provided appropriate habitat. These species have become increasingly dependent on early successional habitats generated by such activities as timber harvesting. Recent approaches of timber harvesting, which range from single-tree harvesting to clearcutting, create forest openings of different sizes and configurations embedded in landscapes with different land use patterns. To assess the importance of forest openings created by timber harvesting for shrubland birds, we surveyed birds on 50 m radius plots in 34 harvest sites (0.5–21 ha). We collected data on multi-scaled habitat variables ranging from plot-level vegetation characteristics to land use patterns within 1 km of each study site. We also monitored mating and nesting success of Blue-winged Warblers (Vermivora pinus) in 10 forest openings.

The abundance of most shrubland species was influenced by plot-level habitat variables, such as tree density and vegetation height, rather than shrubland area or the composition of land uses in the surrounding landscape. Only Eastern Towhees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) were more frequent in survey plots in larger forest openings. In contrast, neither abundance nor reproductive activity of Blue-winged Warblers was correlated with the size of the forest opening. Their abundance was negatively related to vegetation height, however. Only 54% of the territorial male Blue-winged Warblers in forest openings were mated. We documented relatively low nest success rates of 21.1% during the egg laying and incubation nest stages, but increased success rates during the later stages of nesting.

Our results indicate that even small forest openings with low vegetation provide habitat for Blue-winged Warblers and other shrubland birds. The overall reproductive rate of territorial male Blue-winged Warblers in forests openings was low during the 2 years of the study, however. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term value of this type of habitat for sustaining shrubland bird populations.  相似文献   

Toward pollen sterility in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)–Conventional breeding approaches of cytoplasmic/genic male sterility and chemical emasculation     

Bettina Faehnrich  Julia Huber  Sarah Wagner  Chlodwig Franz  Beate Fraust  Maria Wehrle  Joana Ruzicka  Johannes Novak  Lars-Gernot Otto 《Plant Breeding》2020,139(6):1299-1309

Pollen sterility (PS) in mother lines is crucial for hybrid crossings in plant breeding. 21 di- (2x) and tetraploid (4x) accessions of the hermaphroditic chamomile were screened for spontaneous, thermic or gametocide induced PS. Two crossing trials with the diploid accessions 'Bona' (BON) and 'Hungary 2' (HUN2) should specify maternally inherited cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Progeny thereof showed increased PS. BON as mother (BH) entailed means of 30 and 22% PS, versus 8% and 20% after reciprocal crossings. Backcrosses of BH with HUN2 in paternal and maternal direction revealed increasing mean PS (24% and 32%), without verification of CMS. A split plot design of 100 individuals treated with four chemical gametocides analyzed PS, seed set, germination rate and whole plant damage. Tri-iodobenzoic acid caused the highest PS (43%). Progeny of two plants (2x, 4x) with degenerated anthers without pollen, showed 100% PS either in tetraploid F₁ and F₂ (4% and 11%) or in diploid F₂ and F₃ (26% and 23%). High temperature (30/28°C day/night) decreased the male fertility to some extent.  相似文献   

Modelling soil temperature in forest clearcuts using climate station data     

R.J. Stathers  T.A. Black  M.D. Novak 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1985,36(2):153-164

A physically based numerical model was developed to estimate the time courses of soil temperature in forest clearcuts from measured solar irradiance, air temperature and wind speed. The model is based upon a finite difference solution of the one-dimensional soil heat flow equation with a surface boundary condition determined from aerodynamic heat transfer and energy balance theory.Modelled soil temperatures were compared with data from two other studies reported in the literature and with temperatures measured in a forest clearcut during 6 and 16 day periods in the summer. The model calculated surface and subsurface soil temperatures accurately over these long intervals. Modelled soil temperatures were relatively insensitive to air temperature, soil thermal properties and the lower boundary soil temperature but quite sensitive to solar irradiance, wind speed and surface roughness.  相似文献   

An overview of dropped hock syndrome cases in New Zealand cattle     

IA Topham  KE Dittmer  KN Buckle 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2020,68(4):247-254

ABSTRACT

Case history: Data were collected from 47 outbreaks of dropped hock syndrome (DHS) that were reported by veterinarians in New Zealand to the Ministry for Primary Industries between October 2012 and August 2017. There were 181 affected dairy cows from 44 farms. Of those with records, all 86 were aged between 2–3 years-old, and 4/94 (4%) were Friesian, 56/94 (60%) were Jersey and 33/94 (35%) were Jersey/Friesian cross. Of the 47 outbreaks, 45 (96%) occurred during winter and 37 (79%) in the South Island.

Clinical findings: Of 151 cases with records, hindlimb weakness (117 cows), shortened gait (112 cows) and dropped hocks (106 cows) were most commonly reported, with 110 cases being bilaterally affected. The level of diagnostic work-up and the data recorded by veterinarians for each outbreak were highly variable. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were reported for 22 cases and were within normal ranges for cows with mild disease but increased in cows with severe disease. Concentrations of Cu in serum and liver were below normal for 13/22 and 9/10 cows, respectively, from six outbreaks. Of 41 cows with records for clinical outcomes, 12 had complete resolution, 18 had partial resolution, and 11 had no resolution.

Pathological findings: Post-mortem data were available from 26 cases. Muscle necrosis and haemorrhage of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle were the key gross findings. In 14 cows with records for muscle histopathology, myodegeneration and recent haemorrhage were observed, and connective tissue pathology was reported to predate muscular pathology in seven cases.

Diagnosis: DHS appeared to be a degenerative rather than inflammatory condition primarily affecting the connective tissue of the hind limb, especially at the dense collagen interfaces of the gastrocnemius. Although no evidence of neuropathy was found, this cannot definitively be ruled out as a potential cause.

Clinical relevance: A more standardised and systematic approach to investigating cases and recording case data is required to make robust inferences about the aetiology, risk factors, and treatment interventions for DHS.  相似文献   

Micromorphology and topography of tarsal joint capsule's vascular elements in cats and dogs     

Yevheniya Nechiporuk  Vitaliy Novak  Antonina Melnychenko  Olga Bevz  Volodymyr Dudka 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(6):830-835

Both cats and dogs belong to animals with the same type of limb support but have different nature of movement. Despite belonging to digitigrade animals, cats and dogs have a different nature of motion. While moving, the medial joint surface in cats and lateral surface in dogs carry the larger pressure. The aim of the study was to compare the similar surfaces of the cat's and dog's tarsal joint capsule and to detect differences in its histostructure and vascularisation. For the study, we used the capsule of the tarsal joint of five cats and five dogs dissected with accordance to anatomical surfaces. Sections of the capsule joint were stained with haematoxylin–eosin. The sections were examined with a microscope at magnification ×250 and ×400. The statistical analysis of the results was done using Student's t test. During the research, a difference in histostructure and vascularisation of tarsal joint capsule in cats and dogs on respective surfaces were found. The medial surface of the tarsal joint capsule was the most saturated with hemomicrocirculatory bed structures in cats, whereas this was the lateral surface in dogs. The most active metabolic processes also take place in these areas of the joint capsule, which is important to know when prescribing therapeutic procedures and determining an optimal surgical access.  相似文献   

Pathology in practice. Hydronephrosis and intrapelvic blood nephroliths with acute tubular degeneration and end-stage nephropathy     

Novak JM  Craig LE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2011,238(7):863-865

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Diversity of vegetative compatibility types and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica in Slovenia and occurrence of associated Cryphonectria hypovirus 1     

L. Krstin  S. Novak‐Agbaba  D. Rigling  M. Ćurković‐Perica 《Plant pathology》2011,60(4):752-761

Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, has been present in Slovenia since at least 1950. To improve understanding of its diversity, 254 isolates of the fungus from 11 Slovenian populations were sampled. Fifteen vegetative compatibility (vc) types were identified. The dominant vc type was EU‐13, comprising 40·1% of all isolates tested, followed by EU‐1 (19·7%), EU‐2 (12·2%) and EU‐12 (9%). The vc type diversity in the most diverse population sampled in Slovenia was higher than in the populations found previously in northern Italy and Croatia. Both mating types and perithecia were observed in surveyed populations. Natural hypovirulence was found in six out of seven populations tested, with frequencies ranging from 72·2% in the population sampled near the Croatian border to 11·1% in the population sampled near the Austrian border. All identified hypoviral isolates (21) belonged to the Italian subtype of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 and were closely related to the hypoviruses found in other European countries. Despite the high vc type diversity, incidence of hypovirulence was also high, indicating widespread natural biological control of the disease.  相似文献