Effect of Oyster Mushroom,Pleurotus ostreatus,Extract on Hemato‐Immunological Parameters of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss          下载免费PDF全文

Gülşen Uluköy  Esİn Baba  Canan Öntaş 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2016,47(5):676-684

The current study investigated the effects of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, extract on immunological and hematological parameters of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were fed diets containing 0 (control), 1, and 2% supplementation of the oyster mushroom extract for 6 wk. Blood samples were collected weekly for the first 6 weeks. After 6 wk of feeding, the fish were challenged with Lactococcus garvieae and mortality was recorded. The results of this study showed that feeding rainbow trout an oyster mushroom extract–supplemented diet stimulated phagocytic activity of phagocytic cells, lysozyme activity, and myeloperoxidase activity in serum, but it did not significantly affect the total serum immunoglobulin level. At the same time, a significant increase was found in the number of neutrophils, monocytes, and total white blood cells. Fish fed the diet supplemented with oyster mushroom extract showed reduced mortalities following L. garvieae infection compared with controls. These results show that supplementation of fish diets with oyster mushroom extract at 1 and 2% concentrations significantly imrpoves hematological parameters and modulates the immune response against L. garvieae in rainbow trout.  相似文献   

The fish itself,not only environment,should be considered in studying invasion success          下载免费PDF全文

Vladimír Kováč 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2016,25(4):674-677

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Molecular analysis of the Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis     

Philipp Franken  Natalia Requena  Britta Bütehorn  Franziska Krajinski  Gerrit Kuhn  Laurence Lapopin 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(4):271-286

The molecular analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis started at the beginning of this decade. The paper summarises the work of the ‘Laboratorium für Molekulare Genetik arbuskulärer Mykorrhiza’ at the MPI für terrestrische Mikrobiologie in Marburg on three major topics. Firstly, the plant response to the mycorrhizal colonisation was analysed using both, targeted and non‐targeted approaches. As an example, the localisation of the gst1 mRNA in potato mycorrhiza is shown. Second, molecular techniques were established to analyse gene expression of the fungal partner of the symbiosis. We present a differential RNA display analysis of spore germination in two AM fungi and the cloning of a gene from Glomus mosseae that shows expression at all stages of the fungal life cycle. In the last part, we introduce the work we are carrying out with a new root endophytic fungus, Piriformospora indica. Infection experiments on maize showed that despite the fungus performs as a root necrotroph, it has a positive effect on plant growth.  相似文献   

Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Wald- und Ackerböden des Jungmoränengebietes der DDR 1. Mitteilung: Problemstellung,Standortauswahl und Ergebnisse     

Jürgen Thiere 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(9):787-810

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Die Nachhaltigkeit von Düngungssystemen — Dargestellt am seehausener Düngungs‐Kombinationsversuch     

Kurt‐Jürgen Hülsbergen  Wulf Diepenbrock 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3-4):215-238

Der 1967 in Seehausen auf sandigem Lehm angelegte Düngungs‐Kombinationsversuch dient der Analyse von Langzeitwirkungen gestaffelter Stallmist‐ und Mineral‐N‐Gaben (0,50,100,150 kg N ha^?1 a^?1) auf Pflanzen, Boden und Umwelt. Anhand von Meß‐, Bilanz‐ und Simulationswerten wird die Nachhaltigkeit dieser Düngungsvarianten bewertet.

Organisch‐mineralische Düngung führte zu Maximalerträgen von über 12t TM ha^?1 a^?1 und N‐Entzügen bis 200 kg ha^?1 a^?1. Der N‐Entzug der ungedüngten Variante betrug in den letzten Jahren noch etwa 75 kg ha^?1a^?1 gegenüber 100 kg ha^?1a^?1 zu Versuchsbeginn.

Die Entwicklung der Boden‐N_t‐Gehalte konnte mit e‐Funktionen beschrieben werden. Mineral‐N allein genügte nicht zum Erhalt der N_t‐Ausgangsvorräte, hierfür waren 55 bis 85 kg Stalldung‐N ha^?1 a^?1 notwendig. Die N_t‐ und C_t‐Gehalte korrelierten mit zahlreichen Bodenparametern. Hohe Humusgehalte forderten die biologische Aktivität.

Die N‐Verluste betrugen <10kg ha^?1 a^?1 (ungedüngt) bis 120 kg ha^?1a^?1 (höchstgedüngte Variante). Das N‐Verlustpotential lag bei Stallmistanwendung etwas niedriger als bei gleicher N‐Zufuhr in Mineralform. Je nach Stallmist‐Stufe waren 62 bis 104 kg Mineral‐N ha^?1 a^?1 erforderlich, um den Energieeinsatz je Produkteinheit zu minimieren.

Kombinierte Anwendung organischer und mineralischer Dünger (je 100 kg N ha^?1 a^?1) führte zu höchsten ökonomischen Leistungen, günstigen Bodeneigenschaften und tolerierbaren Umweltwirkungen. Zieht man alle verwendeten Nachhaltigkeitskriterien in Betracht, ist dieses Düngungssystem den anderen überlegen.  相似文献   

Problematik und erste Ergebnisse der Müncheberger Höchstertragsversuche     

Erich Rübensam  Dietrich Eich 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):749-758

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Linking the abundance of aspen with soil faunal communities and rates of belowground processes within single stands of mixed aspen–black spruce     

Jérôme Laganière  David Paré  Robert L. Bradley 《Applied soil ecology》2009,41(1):19-28

The occurrence of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) patches within stands dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. BSP) has been shown to increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling rates by improving soil physical and chemical properties. It is well known, however, that these processes are also influenced by the structure of the soil biota, but this factor has received less attention. In this study, relationships between forest floor properties and soil invertebrates were studied along black spruce–trembling aspen gradients in three stands of the eastern boreal forest of Canada. The forest floor layer of 36 plots differing in aspen basal area was sampled and analyzed to determine physical and chemical properties, the rates of decomposition of standard substrates, net N mineralization, as well as microbial basal respiration and metabolic quotient. Soil invertebrates were also collected using funnel-extraction and pitfall trapping methods. Based on redundancy analyses, we found that forest floor properties, the abundance and composition of soil invertebrates, and the rates of belowground processes changed along the spruce–aspen gradient. The increase in aspen basal area was associated with a reduction in forest floor thickness, moisture content and microbial biomass, and with an increase in the concentration of nutrients. It was also accompanied by changes in soil faunal communities, as soil invertebrates were associated with specific soil properties. In general, macroinvertebrates (i.e., Lumbricidae, Formicidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Gastropoda) were related to the nutrient-rich forest floor associated with aspen, whereas microarthropods and Enchytraeidae tended to be negatively related to aspen basal area. According to mixed linear models, decomposition rates of standard substrates and net ammonification significantly increased along the spruce–aspen gradient. Given the functional significance of macroinvertebrates in soils, these results suggest that aspen favours the elaboration of a macrofaunal community, which in turn accelerates the rate of soil processes by having either direct or indirect influence on microbial activity. Moreover, this study shows that the changes in soil processes and in the biodiversity of soil organisms related to the presence of mixed stands can operate only in the immediate surroundings of a given tree species. Therefore, coarse-scale tree species mixing in a forest stand may have a different effect on soil biodiversity and soil processes than fine-scale mixing.  相似文献   

Trade-offs among establishment success,stem morphology and productivity of underplanted Toona ciliata: Effects of nurse-species and thinning density     

Julia Dordel  Suzanne W. Simard  Jürgen Bauhus  Brad Seely  Luciano J. Pozas  Cindy Prescott  Hermann Hampel 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010,259(9):1846-1855

Toona ciliata (Australian red cedar), a valuable hardwood species, requires a nurse-tree overstorey to prevent damage from frost and drought in some regions of north-eastern Argentina. Different nurse-species offer different degrees of protection, resource competition, and thinning revenues. In addition, choice of nurse-species will influence trade-offs between T. ciliata establishment success, stem quality and productivity as well as revenue from intermediate and final harvests. We tested the effects of overstorey species and planting density on underplanted T. ciliata survival, stem morphology and growth. Initial stand densities of nurse-species Pinus taeda (625 stems/ha), P. elliottii × P. caribaea (625 stems/ha), and Grevillea robusta (833 stems/ha) were thinned by 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% in three experiments, each using a randomized block design. Initial mortality, light availability and growth of T. ciliata, as well as growth of its nurse-trees, were measured before and two years after thinning. In the third year, we characterized T. ciliata stem morphology (straightness and height-to-diameter-ratio) and destructively harvested a subsample of T. ciliata in order to investigate T. ciliata biomass production and allocation patterns in response to overstorey species, thinning density and light availability. T. ciliata mortality was lower when planted under G. robusta than the pines, and increased in plots with greater exposure to solar radiation. T. ciliata productivity was also greater under G. robusta than under the pines, and was generally greatest where any of the nurse-species were thinned by 75%. Stem form was best when growing under P. taeda and in stands thinned by 50%, regardless of nurse-species. With the exception of early mortality, light levels appeared to have limited effects on T. ciliata growth dynamics. Neither growth rate nor stem morphology was strongly correlated with light availability. Total overstorey basal-area was highest in P. taeda stands and individual overstorey tree growth generally increased with decreasing stand densities, except for slower height growth of G. robusta in more open stands. Thinning operations resulted in sawn-wood revenue for the pine species only. Because stand productivity and stem quality were optimized under different nurse-species and thinning treatments, we conclude that the choice of nurse-species and thinning intensity will depend on management objectives and will change with market preferences and conditions.  相似文献   

Malignant transformation of a unicameral bone cyst in a cat     

Bj?rn Berger  Andreas Brühschwein  Lina Eddicks  Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2016,57(4):377-381

A unicameral bone cyst in the proximal humerus of a 3-year-old Norwegian forest cat was diagnosed by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, surgical exploration, and histopathology. Surgical curettage and incorporation of bone cement led to full recovery. An osteosarcoma developed at the surgical site 17 months later. Thoracic radiographs showed pulmonary lesions consistent with metastasis.  相似文献   

Developmental Dynamics and Early Growth Vigour in Rice. I. Relationship Between Development Rate (1/Phyllochron) and Growth     

M. C. Rebolledo  M. Dingkuhn  P. Péré  K. L. McNally  D. Luquet 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2012,198(5):374-384

Achieving early vigour, that is, rapid dry matter accumulation, is a priority in rice crop improvement, but this trait is complex and not well understood genetically and physiologically. This study tested the hypothesis that the development rate (DR) contributes to early vigour. Two diversity panels were phenotyped during vegetative stage for traits constituting early vigour (shoot dry weight, SDW; relative growth rate, RGR) or contributing to early vigour (tillering, leaf size, DR). The first panel comprised 169 genotypes from all major genetic groups of Oryza sativa and was phenotyped under irrigated upland conditions in the field (Philippines, Exp1). The second panel with 190 genotypes representing the diversity of the tropical japonica group was phenotyped in pots in a greenhouse (Montpellier, France, Exp2). Results from field and pot experiment pointed out that DR, tillering and leaf size were positively correlated with RGR and SDW, although the contribution of leaf size was small. DR was positively correlated with tillering but both were negatively correlated with leaf size. DR vs. RGR correlation was conserved in subsets of genotypes with similar leaf size and tillering, suggesting an effect of DR on RGR independent of the other traits. DR is a promising, still underexploited trait contributing to rice early vigour, requiring further genetic and physiological characterization.  相似文献