Model for calculating regional energy use,industrial production and greenhouse gas emissions for evaluating global climate scenarios     

H. J. M. de Vries  J. G. J. Olivier  R. A. van den Wijngaart  G. J. J. Kreileman  A. M. C. Toet 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,76(1-2):79-131

In the integrated IMAGE 2.0 model the “Energy-Industry System” is implemented as a set of models to develop global scenarios for energy use and industrial processes and for the related emissions of greenhouse gases on a region specific basis. The Energy-Economy model computes total energy use, with a focus on final energy consumption in end-use sectors, based on economic activity levels and the energy conservation potential (“end-use approach”). The Industrial Production and Consumption model computes the future levels of activities other than energy use, which lead to greenhouse gas emissions, based on relations with activities defined in the Energy-Economy model. These two models are complemented by two emissions models, to compute the associated emissions by using emission factors per compound and per activity defined. For investigating energy conservation and emissions control strategy scenarios various techno-economic coefficients in the model can be modified. In this paper the methodology and implementation of the “Energy-Industry System” models is described as well as results from their testing against data for the period 1970–1990. In addition, the application of the models is presented for a specific scenario calculation. Future extensions of the models are in preparation.  相似文献   

Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior     

Auffray C  Fogg D  Garfa M  Elain G  Join-Lambert O  Kayal S  Sarnacki S  Cumano A  Lauvau G  Geissmann F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5838):666-670

The cellular immune response to tissue damage and infection requires the recruitment of blood leukocytes. This process is mediated through a classical multistep mechanism, which involves transient rolling on the endothelium and recognition of inflammation followed by extravasation. We have shown, by direct examination of blood monocyte functions in vivo, that a subset of monocytes patrols healthy tissues through long-range crawling on the resting endothelium. This patrolling behavior depended on the integrin LFA-1 and the chemokine receptor CX(3)CR1 and was required for rapid tissue invasion at the site of an infection by this "resident" monocyte population, which initiated an early immune response and differentiated into macrophages.  相似文献   

Carbon flux and growth in mature deciduous forest trees exposed to elevated CO2   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Körner C  Asshoff R  Bignucolo O  Hättenschwiler S  Keel SG  Peláez-Riedl S  Pepin S  Siegwolf RT  Zotz G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5739):1360-1362

Whether rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations will cause forests to grow faster and store more carbon is an open question. Using free air CO2 release in combination with a canopy crane, we found an immediate and sustained enhancement of carbon flux through 35-meter-tall temperate forest trees when exposed to elevated CO2. However, there was no overall stimulation in stem growth and leaf litter production after 4 years. Photosynthetic capacity was not reduced, leaf chemistry changes were minor, and tree species differed in their responses. Although growing vigorously, these trees did not accrete more biomass carbon in stems in response to elevated CO2, thus challenging projections of growth responses derived from tests with smaller trees.  相似文献   

Selective and efficient platinum(0)-carbene complexes as hydrosilylation catalysts     

Markó IE  Stérin S  Buisine O  Mignani G  Branlard P  Tinant B  Declercq JP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5591):204-206

The hydrosilylation reaction enables the production of silicon polymers. Platinum-carbene complexes are reported that catalyze the hydrosilylation reaction of alkenes with remarkable efficiency and exquisite selectivity and avoid the formation of platinum colloids. By-products, typically encountered with previous catalytic systems, are suppressed with these platinum derivatives.  相似文献   

Management effects on the vegetation and soil seed bank of calcareous grasslands: An 11-year experiment     

Hans Jacquemyn  Carmen Van Mechelen  Rein Brys  Olivier Honnay 《Biological conservation》2011,(1):416-422

Calcareous grasslands, most of which are man made and therefore depend on some kind of human interference for their maintenance, are among the most species-rich communities on Earth at a small scale. For many centuries, most of these grasslands have been used as extensive pasture. However, after 1900, and particularly from 1940 onwards, livestock grazing has declined throughout Europe leading to the abandonment of low intensity grasslands over large areas. To conserve the remaining grasslands or to restore recently abandoned grasslands, better insights about the effects of grassland management on above and belowground species diversity are needed. Here, we describe the results of an 11-year experiment to investigate the role of grassland management (grazing, mowing and abandonment) in determining species composition and diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and the seed bank of a calcareous grassland in Belgium. Species diversity declined by about 60% 11 years after abandonment, from 29 species m⁻² to as few as 12 species m⁻². Plots that were grazed remained constant in species richness, whereas mown sites lost about 20% of their original species. Abandoned plots were largely dominated by a few grass species, in particular Festuca rubra. Concomitant with changes in the aboveground vegetation, both the number of species found in the seed bank and seed density (number of seeds m⁻²) had changed significantly 11 years after abandonment. Species diversity and seed density were significantly lower in abandoned plots than in grazed or mown plots. We conclude that abandonment of calcareous grasslands may lead to rapid decline of plant species diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and in the seed bank. As a result, seed banks probably have a limited role to play in the restoration of recently abandoned grasslands.  相似文献   

Antinociceptive efficacy and plasma concentrations of transdermal buprenorphine in dogs     

Korbinian Pieper  Tibor Schuster  Olivier Levionnois  Ulrike Matis  Alessandra Bergadano 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2011,187(3):335-341

To assess the antinociceptive efficacy of transdermal (TD) buprenorphine (B) in dogs, a prospective, positive-controlled experimental study was performed in 10 healthy Beagles. In an open label crossover design, the dogs initially received intravenous B (IVB, 0.02 mg kg^?1) as a positive control, followed by TDB (52.5 μg h^?1) 4 months later. Blood was collected at regular intervals for determination of the plasma concentrations of B ([B]) and its metabolite norbuprenorphine. The antinociceptive efficacy was assessed using thermal and mechanical models of nociception. The peak concentration [B] was 1.54 ng mL^?1 (±1.98) 60 h after TDB application, although three dogs had no measurable [B] after TDB. Maximum thermal threshold (TT) was 52.6 °C (±0.48) at 1 h after IVB administration and 51.63 °C (±1.01) 72 h after TDB application. The significant increase in TT indicated that effective antinociception was achieved beyond 36 h after the application of TDB, lasting until patch removal. There was hysteresis between [B] and the antinociceptive effect.  相似文献   

Intracranial meningioma causing partial amaurosis in a cat     

Goulle F  Meige F  Durieux F  Malet C  Toulza O  Isard PF  Peiffer RL  Dulaurent T 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2011,14(Z1):93-98

Objective To describe a case of intracranial meningioma causing visual impairment in a cat, successfully treated by surgery. Procedures An adult neutered male domestic cat was referred with a 10‐month history of progressive visual impairment and altered behavior. Investigations included physical, ophthalmologic and neurological examinations as well as hematology, serum biochemistry and CT scan of the head. Results The menace response was absent in the left eye and decreased in the right eye. Electroretinograms were normal on both eyes, as was ophthalmic examination, ruling out an ocular cause and allowing a presumptive diagnosis of partial amaurosis due to a post‐retinal lesion. CT scan demonstrated a large sessile extra axial mass along the right parietal bone and thickening of the adjacent bone. Cerebrospinal fluid was not collected because high intracranial pressure represented a risk for brain herniation. A right rostrotentorial craniectomy was performed to remove the tumor. Ten days after surgery, vision was improved, neurological examination was normal and normal behavior was restored. Ten months after surgery, ophthalmological examination showed no visual deficit and CT scan did not reveal any sign of recurrence. Conclusion Advanced imaging techniques allow veterinarians to detect early cerebral diseases and to provide specific treatment when it is possible. In cases of feline amaurosis due to intracranial meningioma, the vital prognosis is good while the visual prognosis is more uncertain, but recovery of normal vision and normal behavior is possible as demonstrated in the present case.  相似文献   

Alarming houbara bustard population trends in Asia     

Christophe Tourenq  Olivier Combreau  Serguei B Pole  Gao Xinji  Frédéric Launay 《Biological conservation》2005,121(1):1-8

Relative abundance and density estimates of Asian houbara were assessed during the breeding season in two breeding grounds of migrant populations (China and south Kazakhstan) and in one breeding ground of a resident population (Oman), between 1998 and 2002. For the study period, the relative abundance was from 0.004 to 0.06 individual per km driven and density estimates varied from 0.01 to 0.2 houbara per km². Relative abundance and density of houbara declined by 63% and 69%, respectively in China, by 60% and 49%, respectively in Kazakhstan and by 50% and 75%, respectively in Oman. Overall, an average of 27-30% annual decline in both relative abundance and density was observed for the three regions. Despite being legally a strictly protected species in China, Kazakhstan and Oman, houbara are heavily hunted and poached on all their migration routes and wintering grounds. The current levels of hunting and poaching are not sustainable and without the immediate agreement and implementation of international conservation measures, the Asian houbara may face extinction in the wild in the foreseeable future.  相似文献   

Quantitation of short-chain glycerol-bound compounds in thermoxidized and used frying oils. A monitoring study during thermoxidation of olive and sunflower oils     

Velasco J  Marmesat S  Berdeaux O  Márquez-Ruiz G  Dobarganes C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(10):4006-4011

Major short-chain glycerol-bound compounds were investigated in olive oil (OO) and conventional sunflower oil (SO) during thermoxidation at 180 degrees C for 5, 10, and 15 h. These compounds included methyl heptanoate (C7:0), methyl octanoate (C8:0), methyl 8-oxo-octanoate (8-oxo-C8:0), methyl 9-oxononanoate (9-oxo-C9:0), dimethyl octanodiate (C8:0 diester), and dimethyl nonanodiate (C9:0 diester), which were analyzed by GC after derivatization of triacylglycerols to fatty acid methyl esters. An acceptable linear correlation (r = 0.967) was found between the total content of these compounds and the total content of polar compounds, suggesting that quantitation of the major short-chain glycerol-bound compounds provides a good indication of the total alteration level of oils heated at frying temperature. Samples with levels of polar compounds around 25% on oil showed total contents within 2-3 mg/g of oil. To determine the content of these compounds in used frying oils, 10 samples from restaurants and fried-food outlets in Spain were analyzed. Results showed total levels between 2.13 and 7.56 mg/g of oil in samples with contents of polar compounds ranging from 18.8 to 55.5% on oil. Samples with levels of polar compounds of approximately 25% showed total contents of the short-chain compounds similar to those found in the thermoxidized oils, that is, within 2-3 mg/g of oil.  相似文献   

Identification on commercialized products of AFLP markers able to discriminate slow- from fast-growing chicken strains   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Fumière O  Dubois M  Grégoire D  Théwis A  Berben G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1115-1119

The European chicken meat market is characterized by numerous quality marks: "Label de Qualité Wallon" in Belgium, "Label Rouge" in France, denominations of geographical origin, organic agriculture, etc. Most of those certified productions have specifications requiring the use of slow-growing chicken strains. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique has been used to search molecular markers able to discriminate slow-growing chicken strains from fast-growing ones and to authenticate certified products. Two pairs of restriction enzymes (EcoRI/MseI and EcoRI/TaqI) and 121 selective primer combinations were tested on individual DNA samples from chicken products essentially in carcass form that were ascribed as belonging to either slow- or fast-growing strains. Within the resulting fingerprints, two fragments were identified as type-strains specific markers. One primer combination gives a band (333 bp) that is specific for slow-growing chickens, and another primer pair generates a band (372 bp) that was found to be characteristic of fast-growing chickens. The two markers were isolated, cloned, and sequenced. The effectiveness and the specificity of the two interesting determinants were assessed on individuals of two well-known strains (ISA 657 and Cobb 500) and on commercialized products coming from various origins.  相似文献