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91.
G H Loneragan D A Dargatz P S Morley M A Smith 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,219(8):1122-1127
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in feedlot cattle mortality ratios over time, by primary body system affected, and by type of animal. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: Approximately 21.8 million cattle entering 121 feedlots in the United States during 1994 through 1999. PROCEDURES: Yearly and monthly mortality ratios were calculated. Numbers of deaths were modeled by use of Poisson regression methods for repeated measures. Relative risks of death over time and by animal type were estimated. RESULTS: Averaged over time, the mortality ratio was 12.6 deaths/1,000 cattle entering the feedlots. The mortality ratio increased from 10.3 deaths/1,000 cattle in 1994 to 14.2 deaths/1,000 cattle in 1999, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). Cattle entering the feedlots during 1999 had a significantly increased risk (relative risk, 1.46) of dying of respiratory tract disorders, compared with cattle that entered during 1994, and respiratory tract disorders accounted for 57.1% of all deaths. Dairy cattle had a significantly increased risk of death of any cause, compared with beef steers. Beef heifers had a significantly increased risk of dying of respiratory tract disorders, compared with beef steers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that although overall yearly mortality ratio did not significantly increase during the study, the risk of death attributable to respiratory tract disorders was increased during most years, compared with risk of death during 1994. The increased rates of fatal respiratory tract disorders may also reflect increased rates of non-fatal respiratory tract disorders, which would be expected to have adverse production effects in surviving animals. 相似文献
92.
93.
李燕凌 《绿色中国(A版)》2001,(8):40-42
发展证券资本市场可有效地推动经济快速发展 ,但林业产业上市融资明显处于低水平状态。湖南省林业产业化发展 ,客观上要求在证券资本市场上拓宽发展空间 ,为此提出林业产业发展和上市融资需采取的 6项对策与措施。 相似文献
94.
Although abalone fisheries in South Africa have existed since 1949, cultivation started by successful spawning of captured specimens in 1981 to produce spat and juveniles. Twelve abalone farms, with an estimated investment of US$12 million, have since been established on the coast of South Africa, with a projected production of 500–800 tons. While Haliotis midae could reach a maximum size of about 200 mm shell length at an age of over 30 years in the wild, farm production is concentrating on an average size of 100 mm after 5 years. Growth rates of 0.08–4.5% body weight day ?1 for abalone of 10–17 mm shell length have been found under stimulated farming conditions on formulated diets, while the corresponding feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 0.9–2.4. Growth rate, FCR and protein efficiency ratio decline at water temperatures above 20 °C. Anaesthetics, for example magnesium sulphate, are used to prevent injury during removal from tanks. Prostrate diatoms, such as Cocconeis sublittoralis (Hendey), Amphora proteoides (Hustedt) and Achnanthes brevipes (Agardh) are preferred after the larval stage (5–7 days, depending on temperature) are finished. South Africa abalone growers prefer formulated feeds in pellet form, which is convenience and cost favourable to farm operations and management. Although fish meal has been found to be the most suitable protein source for inclusion in formulated diets, plant proteins such as soy bean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal presented good growth and apparent protein digestibility. The parasite sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, recently named by Australian and American researchers, is indigenous to a variety of South African intertidal molluscs and impedes growth by causing irritation beneath the mantle in abalone. Prevention to some degree is possible by high standards of hygiene and husbandry of abalone in the tanks, but new techniques to control large infestations now include ultrasound. In spite of a reputation for toughness, abalone meat frozen immediately after shucking is tender relative to red meat. The success of abalone farming in South Africa has been as a result of a high degree of cooperation between the private sector and government‐backed research institutions, and it is anticipated that this collaboration will continue. 相似文献
95.
Abstract – The reproductive biology of three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) in northeastern Australian rainforest streams was investigated. Two species, Melanotaenia eachamensis and Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides are endemic to the area, whereas the third, M. splendida splendida, is more widespread. The species were all highly fecund, producing many hundreds of eggs between 1.10 and 1.24 mm in diameter. Melanotaenia eachamensis was the most fecund, produced the largest eggs of the three species, and consequently exhibited the greatest maternal investment (as measured by gonadosomatic index). The majority of reproductive effort occurred during the dry season, although reproductively active fish were present year-round for each of the species, but particularly so for M. s. splendida and C. rhombosomoides. No evidence for a role by temperature or photoperiod as environmental cues for reproduction was found, and it was suggested that gonad development was strongly tied to somatic growth. The concentration of reproduction to the dry season ensures that larvae are produced during a period of relatively stable and benign physical conditions. Comparison of temporal changes in gonadosomatic index values suggest that the spawning season of M. eachamensis , which occurs in high-elevation streams, is more restricted and commences about 1 month earlier than either other species. A similar phenology was observed for the M. s. splendida population found at high elevation and highlights the potential for spatial differences in stream productivity to influence life history. Note 相似文献
96.
对我国节水灌溉技术发展的几点思考 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13
我国节水灌溉技术的推广应用多年来在国家有关部门的领导下 ,通过广大科技、生产和应用人员的共同努力 ,取得了显著成效。面对新世纪的来临和我国加入世贸组织 ,我国节水灌溉技术如何发展 ,以适应新时期新形势的要求 ,笔者浅见如下。1 进一步提高推广节水灌溉技术对我国经济持续发展重要意义的认识 我国是一个水资源相对短缺的国家 ,水资源总量约为 2 .8万亿m3,人均占有量仅 2 2 0 0m3,不足世界人均占有量的 1 4,平均每公顷占有量仅 12 0 0 0m3,只有世界平均水平的 1 2。进入 90年代以来 ,我国农业年均受旱面积达2 0 0 0万hm2 以上… 相似文献
97.
98.
李风岐 《山西农业大学学报(自然科学版)》1986,(2)
为了提高大白菜(B. campestris ssp pekinensis.)种子的产量和质量,我们进行了两年地膜覆盖研究。结果表明:无论直播小株、育苗小株、老株那种采种方式,凡使用地膜覆盖的均比不覆盖的产量增加30%左右,质量也明显的提高;聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯都是良好的地而覆盖材料,在大白菜种子生产中可以取得相近似的效果。 相似文献
99.
P 《Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt》1913,35(1):38-41
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
100.