Quantification of historical livestock importation into New Zealand 1860–1979     

BM Binney  PJ Biggs  PE Carter  BM Holland  NP French 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):309-314

AIMS: To quantify the numbers of live cattle, sheep and poultry imported into New Zealand and, where possible, their country of origin from 1860 to 1979.

METHODS: Information on the origin and number of live animal importations into New Zealand was collected for cattle, sheep and poultry for the period 1868–1979 from the annual reports compiled by the New Zealand Registrar General's Office, Government Statistician's Office, Census and Statistics Office, Census and Statistics Department, Customs Department and Department of Statistics. Census data from 1851 to 1871 were also used to estimate the livestock population during this period. The number of animals imported and the mean population for each species in a decade were determined, and the major countries of origin were identified.

RESULTS: A large number of cattle (53,384) and sheep (604,525) were imported in the 1860s, and then there was a marked reduction in importations. Live poultry were imported in relatively small numbers (20,701) from 1880 to 1939, then 1,564,330 live poultry were imported between 1960 and 1979. Australia was the predominant country of origin for sheep between 1868 and 1959 (51,347/60,918; 84.3%) and of cattle between 1868 and 1979 (10,080/15,157; 66.5%). Only 6,712 (11.0%) sheep and 3,909 (25.8%) cattle were imported from the United Kingdom over the same periods, and even fewer from other countries.

CONCLUSIONS: The collated data and historical reports show that from 1860 to 1979 Australia has been the main source of livestock introduced into New Zealand. The pattern of importation showed that large numbers of cattle and sheep were initially imported in the 1860s, probably in response to rapid agricultural expansion. Thereafter importations continued at much reduced numbers. In contrast, relatively small numbers of poultry were introduced until the 1960s when large numbers were imported as part of the development of a modern high-production industry. The overall pattern for both cattle and sheep was of a bottleneck event, as initially a relatively limited number of animals arrived from outside populations, followed by population expansion with ongoing but limited immigration (admixture). Investigation into the genetic population structure of New Zealand's cattle and sheep, as well as their host-associated microorganisms, could reflect the impact of these early historical events.  相似文献   

The dingo debate: origins,behaviour and conservation. Edited by Bradley Smith. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. 336 pages. A$39.95. ISBN 9781486300297          下载免费PDF全文

G Perry 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(7):259-259

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Rapid root tip and mycorrhiza formation and increased survival of Douglas-fir seedlings after soil transfer     

Michael P. Amaranthus  David A. Perry 《New Forests》1989,3(3):259-264

In order to re-inoculate soil with mycorrhizal fungi, small amounts (about 150 ml) of soil from an established Douglas-fir plantation were added to planting holes when Douglas-fir seedlings were planted on an old, unrevegetated clearcut in the Klamath Mountains of Oregon. Seedlings were lifted throughout the growing season to determine the influence of soil transfer on the rate of root tip initiation and mycorrhiza formation. Six weeks after planting, seedlings receiving plantation soil had formed 62% more root tips than controls; however, no statistically significant differences were apparent 15 weeks after planting. By that time, a small percentage of root tips were visibly mycorrhizal; seedlings receiving transferred soil had the most colonization (13.6 vs 3.5 per seedling, p 0.05). Of seedlings receiving transfer soil, 36.6% survived the first growing season, compared to 11.3% of control seedlings. At this high elevation, soils often remain frozen well into spring, leaving only a brief period betwen the time when soils become warm enough for root growth and the onset of summer drought. Under these conditions, the rapid root growth and mycorrhiza formation stimulated by plantation soil increases the ability of seedlings to survive the first growing season.This is Paper 2341 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.  相似文献   

Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP‐2: Part 1—Immediate Reconstruction of Segmental Mandibulectomies          下载免费PDF全文

Boaz Arzi DVM Diplomate AVDC & EVDC  Daniel J. Huey PhD  Derek D. Cissell VMD  Diplomate ACVR  Kyriacos A. Athanasiou PhD  PE 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2015,44(4):403-409

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The influence of transient phenomena on the biodegradation of nitrilotriacetic acid in the activated sludge process II. Variations in influent metal and NTA concentrations     

Stephenson  T.  Perry  R.  Lester  J. N. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1985,24(4):431-442

A BASIC microcomputer program is described which calculates the median lethal dosage (LD₅₀), the probit transformation, 95% confidence limits and a chi-square test for goodness of fit quantal response data. The program could also be modified for use on other microcomputers, making it an extremely useful program in environmental toxicology research.  相似文献   

Marine social–ecological responses to environmental change and the impacts of globalization     

R Ian Perry  Rosemary E Ommer  Manuel Barange  Svein Jentoft  Barbara Neis  U Rashid Sumaila 《Fish and Fisheries》2011,12(4):427-450

Marine social–ecological systems consist of interactive ecological and human social elements so that changes in ecological systems affect fishing‐dependent societies and vice versa. This study compares the responses of marine ecological and fishing‐dependent systems to environmental change and the impacts of globalization, using four case‐studies: NE Atlantic (Barents Sea), NW Atlantic (Newfoundland), SE Atlantic (Namibia) and the equatorial Atlantic (Ghana). Marine ecological systems cope with short‐time changes by altering migration and distribution patterns, changing species composition, and changing diets and growth rates; over the longer term, adaptive changes lead to increased turn‐over rates and changes in the structure and function of the system. Fishing communities cope with short‐term change through intensification and diversification of fishing, migration and ‘riding out the storm’. Over the longer term, adaptive changes in policy and fisheries governance can interact with social–ecological change to focus on new fisheries, economic diversification, re‐training, out‐migration and community closures. Marine social–ecological systems can ultimately possess rapid adaptive capacity in their ecological components, but reduced adaptive capacity in society. Maintaining the diversity of response capabilities on short and longer time scales, among both ecological and human fishing systems, should be a key policy objective. The challenge is to develop robust governance approaches for coupled marine social–ecological systems that can respond to short‐ and long‐term consequences of global change.  相似文献   

Rheological Behavior of Undeveloped and Developed Wheat Dough     

Danilo T. Campos  James F. Steffe  Perry K. W. Ng 《Cereal Chemistry》1997,74(4):489-494

Undeveloped wheat dough is essentially wheat flour that has become fully hydrated without being deformed. The rheological properties of this material were compared to dough (developed dough) made using the standard method involving a farinograph. Flow behavior of undeveloped and developed dough samples made from hard and soft wheat flours were tested using creep tests, frequency sweep oscillatory tests, and temperature sweep oscillatory tests. All experiments showed that the undeveloped dough requires less resistance for deformation than developed dough. The differences are due to the energy input received by the developed dough and the influence of this factor in forming the protein matrix associated with developed dough. To attain a comparable state as the dough made in the farinograph, an energy input must be applied to the undeveloped dough material. Understanding the differences between undeveloped and developed dough may lead to new products, equipment, and processes in the bakery industry.  相似文献   

Improving the accuracy of models to map alpine grassland above-ground biomass using Google earth engine     

Yan Shi  Jay Gao  Gary Brierley  Xilai Li  George L. W. Perry  Tingting Xu 《Grass and Forage Science》2023,78(2):237-253

Accurate modelling and mapping of alpine grassland aboveground biomass (AGB) are crucial for pastoral agriculture planning and management on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QTP). This study assessed the effectiveness of four popular models (traditional multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and deep neural network (DNN)) with various input combinations (geospatial variables [GV], vegetation types [VT], field measurements [FM], meteorological variables [MV] and observation time [OT]) for AGB estimation based on a new framework for AGB modelling and mapping using Google Earth Engine. The results showed that the input feature of GV had a poor performance in AGB estimation (0.121 < R² < 0.591). FM improved the accuracy the most when incorporated with GV (0.815 < R² < 0.833). Although MV, VT and OT improved the accuracy (R²) only by 0.112–0.216 with an importance rank order of MV > VT > OT for machine learning models, their outputs could be used to map AGB. Grass AGB was less accurately predicted than shrub AGB, but the pooling of both VTs improved estimation accuracy (R²) by 0.171–0.269. The performance of the models followed the ranked order of DNN > ANN > SVM > MLR. DNN had the highest accuracy (R² = 0.818) using all non-field measured variables (excluding FM) as the inputs, and it was successfully applied to a new dataset (not associated with the data used in the training and testing) with a R² of 0.676. This study presents an effective and operational framework for modelling and mapping grassland AGB. Accordingly, it provides the scientific foundations to determine of sustainable grazing carrying capacity in alpine grasslands.  相似文献   

The control of heartwater on large-scale commercial and smallholder farms in Zimbabwe.     

T Chamboko  A W Mukhebi  C J Callaghan  T F Peter  R L Kruska  G F Medley  S M Mahan  B D Perry 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1999,39(3):191-210

As part of a series of studies associated with the development of improved vaccines for heartwater (a tick-borne disease of ruminant livestock caused by Cowdria ruminantium), field surveys were carried out to assess losses associated with the disease and the costs associated with controlling it in the two main agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe (lowveld and highveld) where heartwater is believed to be endemic and epidemic, respectively. In each zone, a cross-sectional study was performed in the main farming systems (smallholder (SH) and large-scale commercial (LSC) beef and dairy), followed by longitudinal studies in the same sectors to improve data accuracy for some parameters. Suspected heartwater-specific mortality in cattle was similar in all LSC sectors (p = 0.72) accounting for a median 1% mortality risk. Heartwater-specific mortality in SH areas was not assessed due to poor diagnostic ability of the farmers. Few LSC farms and SH households kept sheep; suspected heartwater-specific mortality in LSC sheep was 0.8% in the lowveld and 2.4% in the highveld. Goats were a major enterprise in SH areas but not on LSC farms. Suspected heartwater mortality in LSC goats was 0.8% at one site in the highveld and 17.5% on a farm in the lowveld. Application of acaricides was the major control method for heartwater and other tick-borne diseases on both SH and LSC farms. On LSC farms, plunge dipping was used most frequently and the number of acaricide applications ranged widely between 3 and 52 per year. The total cost of acaricides per head per annum was higher in highveld dairies than in highveld and lowveld beef enterprises (p = 0.03). In SH areas, cattle plunge dipping was conducted by the government with an average frequency of 8 +/- 2 (sd) immersions per annum in both the lowveld and highveld. The type of tick control on sheep and goats in all production systems was highly variable (ranging from none to hand removal or intensive acaricide treatment). Suspected heartwater cases on LSC farms were treated with tetracyclines; treatment was not reported in SH areas. Reported treatment costs were high (median Z$ 120) and highly variable (range Z$-833). Vaccination against heartwater with the live, blood-based vaccine was reported on only one LSC farm. LSC farms applying acaricide 30 or more times per year reported higher morbidity (p < 0.0001) and mortality (p < 0.0001) than farms applying acaricides less than 30 times a year. This finding supports the use of reduced tick control in the management of heartwater in Zimbabwe.  相似文献   

Predicting the effect of vaccination on the transmission dynamics of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection).     

C J O'Callaghan  G F Medley  T F Peter  S M Mahan  B D Perry 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1999,42(1):17-38

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