Pharmacokinetics of cephalexin in cats after oral administration of the antibiotic in tablet and paste preparations   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

JR THORNTON  PJ MARTIN 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(6):439-440

Objective To determine the bioequivalence of a paste formulation of cephalexin with that of the tablet form.
Design A two-way cross-over study.
Animals Ten adult cats of mixed breed.
Procedure The cats, randomly allocated to two groups, received either the paste preparation or the tablet orally at 12-hour intervals for 48 h before a 12-hour blood collection period. Two weeks later the treatments were reversed and the blood sampling repeated. The serum concentrations of the antibiotic were determined. The pharmacokinetic factors were analysed using a computer.
Results There were no significant differences between the peak concentration of cephalexin, or the other pharmacokinetic factors obtained from the tablet and paste formulations. The serum profiles of cephalexin following four 12-hourly doses of each formulation were similar with the peak serum values occurring at approximately 2 h after administration.
Conclusion The paste formulation and the tablet form are bioequivalent.  相似文献   

Amoxycillin as an alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for treating cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo     

CR SMITH  BG CORNEY  MR McGOWAN  CS McCLINTOCK  W. WARD  PJ KETTERER 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(11):818-821

Objective To assess the effect of amoxycillin treatment on urinary excretion of leptospires from cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo .
Design A chemotherapy trial with controls.
Procedure Fourteen heifers serologically negative to L hardjo were inoculated with L hardjo via the conjunctival route and assessed for evidence of infection by serological, fluorescent antibody and microbiological tests. Two injections (48 h apart) of amoxycillin at a dose of 15 mg/kg were administered intramuscularly to seven heifers 6.5 weeks after infection; the remaining heifers acted as untreated controls. Later, these seven control group heifers were treated with a single dose of amoxycillin (15 mg/kg). Samples of urine were collected before and after amoxycillin treatments; kidneys were collected at slaughter, and examined by fluorescent antibody test and microbiological culture.
Results Leptospires were isolated from the urine of 11 of 14 heifers inoculated with L hardjo . After treatment of six of these with two injections of amoxycillin, leptospires were not isolated. Of the controls, four of the five initially leptospiruric heifers continued to shed leptospires; after a single injection of amoxycillin, no leptospires were detected in the kidneys of these four.
Conclusion Amoxycillin may be an acceptable alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for the treatment of cattle infected with L hardjo .  相似文献   

Use of phenytoin to treat horses with Australian stringhalt     

PJ HUNTINGTON  S. SENEQUE†  RF SLOCOMBE†  LB JEFFCOTT†  A. MCLEAN†  AR LUFF§ 《Australian veterinary journal》1991,68(7):221-224

Five horses with Australian stringhalt were treated with 15 mg/kg phenytoin orally for 2 weeks. During the second week of the trial, 3 of the horses were given an additional dose of 10 mg/kg phenytoin. The response to treatment was clinically assessed by grading the severity of the gait abnormality at the walk, trot, turning and backing twice daily. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) improvement in the gait abnormality when pre-treatment values were compared with the mean of the last 3 assessments before treatment stopped. When reassessed 2 weeks after treatment ceased, there remained a significant (P less than 0.05) improvement compared with pre-treatment values at the trot and on backing, but not at the walk or turning. Surface electromyographic recordings were made weekly from the long digital extensor muscle, and there was a change to a near normal recording by the end of treatment. Plasma phenytoin concentrations were monitored during the trial, and the dose rates used achieved a steady state with a mean plasma level of 37 +/- 7 mumol/l. There was wide variability between plasma concentrations in different horses, although there was no difference in absorption between administration of the phenytoin as a paste, or when it was mixed in the feed. Although mild tranquilization was seen after treatment, there were no clinical, haematological or biochemical signs of toxicity from the phenytoin therapy.  相似文献   

A check list of immigrant veterinary surgeons in the nineteenth century     

PJ MYLREA 《Australian veterinary journal》1994,71(1):8-11

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The potential of nematophagous fungi to control the free-living stages of nematode parasites of sheep: towards the development of a fungal controlled release device.     

P J Waller  M Faedo  K Ellis 《Veterinary parasitology》2001,102(4):299-308

Studies showed that chlamydospores of the nematophagous fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, are capable of surviving pressures of several tonnes when incorporated into matrices and pressed into tablets for the manufacture of prototype intraruminal controlled release devices (CRDs). They remain viable in this tabletted form for at least 9 months when stored at 4 degrees C. In vitro studies demonstrated that there was no effect on spore viability of prolonged exposure to either room or elevated temperature (40 degrees C) in air, or under an atmosphere of either of the major ruminal gases, carbon dioxide and methane. In vivo, studies showed that viable chlamydospores could be detected at the erosion surface of prototype CRDs recovered from the rumen and also in faeces of fistulated sheep, for up to 3 weeks after administration. Further studies have shown that chlamydospores released from such devices can substantially reduce the number of infective larvae that develop in cultures of faeces collected from sheep infected with the nematode parasite, Haemonchus contortus. This work demonstrates, in principle, that the deployment of chlamydospores of D. flagrans in intraruminal CRDs, is another possibility in the development of a range of methods for the biological control of parasites in livestock.  相似文献   

Field evaluation of a mixture of albendazole sulphoxide and levamisole against Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp in sheep     

N. ANDERSON  PJ MARTIN  RG JARRETT† 《Australian veterinary journal》1991,68(4):133-136

The efficacy of a mixture of albendazole sulphoxide and levamisole, 3.6 and 8.25 mg/kg respectively, at single and double dose rates, was compared with the recommended dose rate of each anthelmintic alone. The comparison was conducted on groups of 6 to 14-week-old lambs on 22 farms, 16 of which had evidence of multiple resistance to benzimidazole and levamisole. A single dose of the mixture reduced mean egg counts by 95% on half the farms with multiple resistance and on all the remaining farms. Consequently, the mixture should be included in an assessment of effective anthelmintics on farms to determine its value for nematode control. A double dose rate of mixture was effective on all but 4 farms. Reductions caused by the mixture were due to the additive actions of the drugs on 18 of 22 farms; synergistic action was noted on only 3 farms. It was concluded that the mixture of albendazole sulphoxide and levamisole offered many farmers an effective anthelmintic for use in preventive control programs. Recommendations for such programs include annual rotation of effective anthelmintics as a means of delaying selection for drug resistance.  相似文献   

Bacterial adherence to host tissues: a very sticky problem     

Waller AS 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2007,173(3):478-479

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Hormonal patterns in normal and hyperleptinemic mares in response to three common feeding-housing regimens     

Storer WA  Thompson DL  Waller CA  Cartmill JA 《Journal of animal science》2007,85(11):2873-2881

We previously reported that a rise in plasma leptin concentrations followed the rise in insulin and glucose in meal-fed horses, whereas horses maintained on pasture had little fluctuations in hormonal patterns. We have also described a hyperleptinemic-hyperinsulinemic condition that occurs in about 30% of our light horse mares of high body condition maintained on pasture. The present experiment was designed to 1) study the effect of 3 common feeding-housing regimens on leptin and other metabolic hormones in mares and 2) determine whether the hyperleptinemic condition interacted with these regimens. Six light horse mares with high body condition (average score = 7) were assigned to 2 simultaneous 3 x 3 Latin squares, 1 with normal mares (leptin = 0.1 to 6 ng/mL) and 1 with mares displaying hyperleptinemia (>10 ng/mL). Three feeding-housing regimens were compared: ad libitum pasture, ad libitum native grass hay in an outdoor paddock, and single morning feedings of a pelleted concentrate and hay at 0700 in a barn. Five days of acclimation to the feeding regimens were followed by a 36-h period of hourly blood collection to characterize the hormonal characteristics. Leptin concentrations were elevated (P < 0.001) in mares predetermined to be hyperleptinemic compared with normal mares, regardless of the feeding regimen. Leptin was greatest (P < 0.01) in mares on pasture and least in mares fed hay. Variations over time (P < 0.01) were present for all hormones and metabolites studied. Glucose and insulin concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) in mares on pasture, with meal-fed mares exhibiting an immediate rise in plasma concentrations of both after feeding. Mares on hay had low and constant concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin, with no apparent fluctuations. Cortisol, prolactin, and IGF-I did not differ with leptin status, whereas GH differed due to feeding-housing regimen (P < 0.02); there was also an interaction of leptin status and feeding-housing regimen for GH concentrations (P = 0.094). It was concluded that 1) estimates of hormonal secretion in horses based on frequent sampling, depending upon the hormone in question, can be profoundly affected by the feeding-housing regimens, and 2) the hyperleptinemic condition persists under differing conditions of feeding-housing.  相似文献   

Risk factors associated with the incidence of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis in Swedish dairy herds with a high milk yield and a low prevalence of subclinical mastitis   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Nyman AK  Ekman T  Emanuelson U  Gustafsson AH  Holtenius K  Waller KP  Sandgren CH 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,78(2):142-160

We conducted a case-control study to investigate factors associated with the incidence rate of veterinary-treated clinical cases of mastitis (IRVTCM) in Swedish dairy herds with the overall objective to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) and excessive use of antibiotics. Herds with documented high milk yield, low prevalence of subclinical mastitis and high (27.3-67.5 cases/100-cow years=case) or low (0.0-10.8 cases/100-cow years=control) IRVTCM were selected for this study. One hundred and fifty-eight herds participated. Logistic-regression models were used to assess statistically significant risk factors associated with a high or low IRVTCM. HI-herd farmers more often contacted a veterinarian for treatment of a cow with CM as soon as the milk appearance was altered, compared to LO-herd farmers that more often waited until the general condition of a cow was altered. HI-herd farmers also treated more cows due to high somatic-cell counts during lactation and/or at drying off. There were more high-yielding cows with dirty lower hind-legs, a higher percentage of first-parity cows and a higher incidence of veterinary-treated teat injuries in HI-herds. HI-herd farmers had their cows claw-trimmed more than once per year, compared to LO-herd farmers that had their cows claw-trimmed only once per year, and the condition of silage storage at HI-farms more often had one or more remarks. LO-herds consisted more often of cows of the Swedish Red and White breed, and their roughage diet was more often complemented with only commercial concentrates compared to HI-herds that more often fed grain in combination with commercial concentrates. The herds participating in this study were all well managed herds, and the attitude towards treatment and production seemed to influence the IRVTCM more than environmental factors.  相似文献   

Epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in a semi-arid region of eastern Ethiopia     

Sissay MM  Uggla A  Waller PJ 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,143(3-4):311-321

A study on the epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep was carried out in a semi-arid region of eastern Ethiopia for 2.5 years (May 2003 to September 2005). The experimental flock comprised a total of 60 Black Head Ogaden sheep, consisting of four equal groups of young male and female and old male and female sheep. These grazed on communal pastures together with a larger university flock, as well as with animals owned by neighbouring small-holder farmers. A new experimental flock was established each year of the study. Parasitological data (EPG, faecal culture L3, PCV and FAMACHA estimates) and animal performance (weight change) were recorded each month on all experimental animals. In addition, four tracer lambs were assigned each month to the flock to determine the seasonal patterns of infective larvae acquired from pasture. Results showed distinct seasonal patterns associated with the bi-modal annual rainfall. High levels of infection occurred during the short and long rain seasons with peaks occurring in May and September of each year. Haemonchus contortus was the most prevalent parasite, followed by Trichostrongylus spp., with a number of other nematode species being occasionally recorded. H. contortus showed and increased propensity to undergo arrested development during the dry seasons. Correlations between EPG and PCV, EPG and FAMACHA eye scores, and PCV and FAMACHA eye scores were all highly significant (P<0.001). However, there was no significant association between the EPG and LW of the study animals during each study year. This information will provide a basis for developing epidemiologically based control strategies for gastrointestinal nematode parasites that are appropriate for flocks owned by small-holder farmers of semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献