Effect of fertilizers on the yield and chemical composition of pure sown white clover and on soil nutrient status     

D. R. EVANS  T. A. THOMAS  T. A. WILLIAMS  W. ELLIS DAVIES 《Grass and Forage Science》1986,41(4):295-302

The effects of three levels of potash, phosphate and lime fertilizers on the yield and mineral content of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) and on soil nutrient levels were studied in a field experiment over 7 years. The aim of the experiment was to define an optimum fertilizer programme for breeding nurseries and experimental fields.
Potash was the main factor limiting production: clover yield was negligible after 2 years where no potassium was applied. Phosphate increased yields after the third year, while liming had no significant effect on clover yield.
The soil potassium status improved with the repeated application of potash over the 7–year period, but no consistent pattern was discernible for the phosphate treatments. There was a slight increase in soil pH with liming.
Application of phosphate increased the phosphorous content of herbage, but had no effect on other plant constituents for the first 2 years. Subsequent applications increased the calcium and sodium contents. Potash reduced the content of all constituents other than potassium as the treatment levels increased. Lime had little effect on plant constituents other than calcium.  相似文献   

A comparison of two different ketamine and diazepam combinations with an alphaxalone and medetomidine combination for induction of anaesthesia in sheep     

VP Walsh  M Gieseg  PM Singh  SL Mitchinson 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(2):136-141

Abstract

AIMS: To investigate the perceived adverse effects of a particular batch of ketamine during induction of anaesthesia in sheep and to assess if any adverse effects would make intubation more difficult for the veterinary students.

METHODS: Thirty adult sheep (mean bodyweight 74.5 (SD 9.4) kg) were randomly assigned to one of six groups of five sheep. Sheep in Groups A and B received I/V 0.5 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine (Ketamine Injection; Parnell Laboratories NZ Ltd, of the suspect batch); those in Groups C and D received I/V 0.5 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine (Ketalar; Hospira NZ Ltd.), and those in Groups E and F received I/V 2 μg/kg medetomidine and 2 mg/kg alphaxalone. In Groups A, C and E, intubation was by an experienced anaesthetist, and in Groups B, D and F intubation was by a veterinary student. Time from injection to successful intubation, the ease of intubation, saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen (SpO₂) and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO₂) were measured before the sheep were connected to an anaesthetic machine and allowed to breath oxygen. Times to extubation, holding its head up and standing, maximum and minimum heart rates, respiratory rates, maximal end tidal CO₂, and the quality of recovery were then recorded.

RESULTS: There were no measurable differences in outcomes between sheep in Groups A and B compared with C and D. Time to intubation was slightly shorter for the experienced anaesthetist than the student, but the difference was not significant. The sheep in Groups E and F took less time to recover than those in Groups A?D (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups in either the ease of induction or quality of recovery. Most sheep in Groups E and F showed minor excitatory effects, mainly at induction, which did not interfere with induction. Respiratory rates were lower in Groups E and F than Groups A?D (p<0.01), but SpO₂ was higher in Groups E and F than A and B (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: The clinical impression that the batch of Parnell ketamine produced unexpected effects was shown to be incorrect. All the combinations produced anaesthesia that allowed intubation by the veterinary student.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All the drug combinations produced satisfactory anaesthesia in sheep, but the alphaxaloneand medetomidine combination resulted in faster recovery.  相似文献   

The role of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lung lesions in the transmission of this bacterium to other sheep   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

T M ELLIS  S S SUTHERLAND  F C WILKINSON  A R MERCY  M W PATON 《Australian veterinary journal》1987,64(9):261-263

SUMMARY: :Five groups of 5 shorn and 5 unshorn caseous lymphadenitis (CLA)-free Merino wether weaners were each placed in feedlot pens with 6 Merino ewes, 2 or more of which had CLA lung lesions but no discharging superficial lesions. The sheep were kept together for 5 months.
Twenty-eight per cent of the shorn weaners and 20% of the unshorn weaners developed antibodies to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. At slaughter, 8% of the shorn weaners and 12% of the unshorn weaners had CLA lesions in either lungs, lymph nodes or both. In the absence of contact with CLA-infected ewes, a control group of 5 shorn and 5 unshorn weaners failed to develop antibodies to C. pseudotuberculosis or CLA lesions in the same period. This showed that sheep with CLA abscesses in the lungs but no discharging superficial abscesses were a source of C. pseudotuberculosis infection to other sheep. Aust Vet J. 64: 261–263  相似文献   

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of procainamide in horses after intravenous administration     

E. J. ELLIS  W. R. RAVIS  M. MALLOY  S. H. DURAN  B. G. SMYTH 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1994,17(4):265-270

Six horses were administered either 15 or 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) procainamide (PA) as an intravenous (i.v.) dose over 10 min. The plasma concentrations of PA and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) as well as the pharmacodynamic effect (prolongation of the QT interval) were monitored. The PA plasma concentrations could be described by a one-compartment model with a t _½ of 3.49 ± 0.61 h. The total body clearance of PA was 0.395 ± 0.090 1/hr/kg and the volume of distribution was 1.93 ± 0.27 l/kg. As observed after PA administration, NAPA (an active metabolite) had a t _½ longer than PA of 6.31 ± 1.49 h. Peak NAPA concentrations (1.91 ± 0.51 μg/ml) occurred at 5.2 h after the PA i.v. dose. The ratio of area under the curves for NAPA to PA was 0.46 ± 0.15 which is similar to that expected in humans classified as slow acetylators. Percentage change in the QT interval was examined with respect to PA and PA + NAPA plasma concentrations. For PA, %ΔQT = 41.2 log (PA) - 13.26 and correlations ( r ) ranged from 0.77 to 0.91 among the horses. In the case of PA + NAPA,%ΔQT= 57.3 log(PA+NAPA)-31.83 andrangedfrom0.77to0.90. No evidence of toxicity was noted with respect to changes in the PR interval.  相似文献   

Detection of leptospires in tissue using an immunoperoxidase staining procedure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T. M. ELLIS  G. M. ROBERTSON  L. HUSTAS  M. KIRBY 《Australian veterinary journal》1983,60(12):364-367

An immunoperoxidase technique for the localisation of leptospires in sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded kidney tissue is described. The procedure utilises a two-layered antibody sandwich with rabbit anti-leptospiral immunoglobin. Using antiserum to specific leptospiral serovars the presence and distribution of specific serovar in the tissue could be determined. The technique was also used to detect leptospires of given serovars in smears made from infected tissues and fluids. There was good correlation between culture results and results of the immunoperoxidase staining method on kidneys infected with leptospires. The diagnostic possibilities of the technique on formalin fixed tissue specimens are discussed.  相似文献   

Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Ovulatory Follicles and Associated Endocrine Changes in Cyclic Ewes Treated with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MAP)-releasing Intravaginal Sponges and Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

X Liu  Q Dai  EJ Hart  DMW Barrett  NC Rawlings  RA Pierson  PM Bartlewski 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2007,42(4):393-401

The aim of this study was to assess the ultrasonographic characteristics of ovulatory follicles in cyclic Western White Face ewes (December) that had received intravaginal sponges containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP; 60 mg) for 12 days, with or without an injection of 500 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) at sponge removal. We hypothesized that quantitative echotextural attributes of the follicles in ewes treated only with MAP would differ from those in MAP/eCG-treated ewes, reflecting the increased antral follicular growth and secretory function under eCG influence. Digital images of ovulatory follicles obtained at 0 and 24 h after MAP sponge removal and at 24 h before ovulation in the eCG-treated (five ewes, 13 follicles) and control (six ewes, 9 follicles) animals, were subjected to computerized analyses. The mean diameter of ovulatory follicles increased (p < 0.001) 24 h after eCG treatment. The mean pixel intensity and heterogeneity of the follicular antrum (p < 0.001), as well as mean pixel intensity of the follicular wall and perifollicular ovarian stroma (p < 0.05), were greater in eCG-treated animals compared with control ewes 24 h after sponge removal and at 24 h before ovulation. Mean serum concentrations of oestradiol-17beta tended to increase (p = 0.06) 24 h after eCG treatment and the eCG-treated ewes exceeded (p < 0.05) control animals in progesterone concentrations from days 9-15 after ovulation. Our results support the hypothesis that large antral follicles in eCG-treated ewes exhibit distinctive echotextural characteristics. Follicular image attributes in eCG-treated ewes appear to be indicative of the changes in follicular morphology and secretory activity caused by the administration of the exogenous gonadotropin, which has both FSH- and LH-like activities.  相似文献   

THE MOBILIZATION OF IRON BY EXTRACTS OF EUCALYPTUS LEAF LITTER     

R. C. ELLIS 《European Journal of Soil Science》1971,22(1):8-22

When aqueous extracts of leaf litter from four closely related Eucalyptus species were reacted with soil material under aerobic conditions their iron mobilizing activity was found to be inversely related to the productivity of the sites on which the species grew. The activity of litter extracts of the four species grown in similar soils in the field was found to increase in the order E. regnans, E. obliqua, E. radiata, E. sieberiana. The results indicate that species-soil interactions could be as important as inherent species characteristics in determining whether or not a species is a ‘podzol former’. The effect on the activity of the extracts of altering their pH before reaction with either soil or with prepared iron oxides suggests that, whereas organic acids could be mainly responsible for mobilizing iron from soil and from anhydrous ferric oxide, polyphenols could be more important than organic acids in mobilizing iron from hydrous ferric oxide. The pH and E_h curves obtained when litter extracts were titrated with a ferric chloride solution showed that iron from this source was strongly reduced by the extracts at low pH.  相似文献   

Substrate competition procaine and succinylcholine diiodide for plasma cholinesterase     

FOLDES FF  MCNALL PG  ELLIS CH  DAVIS DL  WNUCK AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1953,117(3041):383-386

  相似文献   

Survival and Complications After Large Colon Resection and End‐to‐End Anastomosis for Strangulating Large Colon Volvulus in Seventy‐Three Horses     

CHRISTINA M. ELLIS DVM  TIMOTHY M. LYNCH DVM  Diplomate ACVS  DONNIE E. SLONE DVM  Diplomate ACVS  FAITH E. HUGHES DVM  Diplomate ACVS  CAROL K. CLARK DVM  Diplomate ACVIM 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2008,37(8):786-790

Objective— To report complications and survival after large colon resection and end‐to‐end anastomosis in horses with strangulating large colon volvulus. Study Design— Retrospective case series. Animals— Horses (n=73) with strangulating large colon volvulus. Methods— Records (January 1995 to December 2005) of horses that had large colon resection and anastomosis for strangulating large colon volvulus were reviewed for complications. Follow‐up data were obtained by telephone questionnaire at least 1 year postoperatively. Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate association with survival time. Variables included admission date, age, temperature, heart rate, packed cell volume, total plasma protein concentration, white blood cell count, breed, and sex. Significance was set at P<.05. Results— The most common postoperative complication was diarrhea. None of the 9 variables of interest were significant for survival. Short‐term survival rate (to discharge) was 74%. Overall survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively were 67.8%, 66.0%, and 63.5%, respectively. Four horses died of colic in the first year after surgery. All horses surviving long‐term (>1 year) returned to their intended use (37 brood mares, 2 racehorses, and 1 show horse) with no chronic problems related to the surgical procedure. Conclusion— None of the variables examined were associated with survival. Outcomes were similar to other large studies of surgical colic in the horse. Self‐limiting diarrhea is common after large colon resection and the prognosis for survival after hospital discharge is favorable. Clinical Relevance— Horses that survive the early postoperative period and are discharged after large colon resection and anastomosis have a good chance for long‐term survival with minimal negative impact on quality of life and use.  相似文献   

Ovarian Responses, Hormonal Profiles and Embryo Yields in Anoestrous Ewes Superovulated with Folltropin®-V after Pretreatment with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate-releasing Vaginal Sponges and a Single Dose of Oestradiol-17β     

PM Bartlewski  BD Alexander  NC Rawlings  DMW Barrett  WA King 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2008,43(3):299-307

In ruminants, superovulatory treatments started at the time of follicular wave emergence result in greater and less variable ovulatory responses and embryo yields compared with the treatments begun in the presence of a large growing antral follicle(s) from the previous waves. The progesterone–oestradiol treatment is routinely used for follicular wave synchronization in cattle. The main objective of this study was to characterize the ovarian responses, hormonal profiles and in vivo embryo production in anoestrous Rideau Arcott ewes (May‐June), which were superovulated after pretreatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP)‐releasing intravaginal sponges and a single dose of oestradiol‐17β (E₂‐17β). Six days after insertion of MAP sponges, eight ewes were given an i.m. injection of 350 μg of E₂‐17β (E₂‐17β‐treated ewes); 10 ewes were given an i.m. injection of vehicle (control ewes). Multiple‐dose Folltropin®‐V treatment, followed by the bolus injection of GnRH (50 μg i.m.), began 6 days after E₂‐17β/vehicle injection. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography revealed that: (i) the interval between E₂‐17β/vehicle injection and regression of all follicles ≥5 to 3 mm in diameter was shorter (p < 0.01; 2.6 ± 0.4 vs 4.8 ± 0.6 days respectively); and (ii) the interval between injection and emergence of the next follicular wave was longer (p < 0.05; 5.4 ± 0.3 vs 1.2 ± 0.4 days, respectively) in E₂‐17β‐treated than in control ewes. During the 6 days after injection, the mean FSH peak concentration and basal FSH concentration were lower (p < 0.01) in E₂‐17β‐treated ewes. The mean ovulation rate and the number of recovered embryos did not differ (p > 0.05) between the two groups of ewes. However, the number of luteinized unovulated follicles per ewe, and the variability in the number of luteal structures and overall embryo yield were less (p < 0.05) in E₂‐17β‐treated compared with control ewes. In conclusion, the MAP–E₂‐17β pretreatment significantly reduced the variability in ovarian responses and embryo yields, without affecting the embryo production in superovulated anoestrous ewes.  相似文献