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31.
Utility pigeons on 3 farms were affected by a severe neurological disturbance manifested by fine tremors, rolling gait and incoordination. Affected birds had necrosis of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The birds from the 3 farms had been fed a pelleted diet obtained from a single mix of feed prepared by a stockfeed manufacturer. When feed obtained from the farms was given to utility pigeons under controlled conditions at the laboratory, they suffered the same clinical signs and lesions as seen in birds from the farms. Cross-bred cockerels were not affected when given this feed from day-old to 6 weeks of age. Samples of the feed contained 185 to 226 ppm of the coccidiostat dinitolmide. Utility pigeons given a prepared diet containing a similar level (234 ppm) of dinitolmide developed an identical condition after 3 to 4 weeks feeding. Laying hens were not affected by this feed. Dimetridazole, which was also present in some of the original feed samples, did not exacerbate the condition when included in the diet at a rate of 233 ppm. Production of squabs from the affected farms was dramatically reduced, and many of the breeder had to be culled because of the long-standing neurological disease.  相似文献   
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About 10% of the ware-sized tubers from a 1990 potato crop were found to have dry rot. The affected tubers had well defined circular patches of dry rot, either with the tuber surface depressed and cracked, or with deep, open cavities where the tuber surface had disintegrated. The rotted tissues contained large numbers of the stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci. This is the first recorded case in the UK; dry rot of potato tubers is usually caused by the potato tuber nematode D. destructor.  相似文献   
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The relationship between bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC) and farm management and infrastructure was examined using data from 398 randomly selected, yet representative, Irish dairy farms where the basal diet is grazed grass. Median bulk tank SCC for the farms was 282,887 cells/ml ranging from 82,209 to 773,028 cells/ml. Two questionnaires were administered through face-to-face contact with each farmer. Herd-level factors associated with bulk tank SCC were determined using linear models with annual somatic cell score (i.e., arithmetic mean of the natural logarithm of bulk tank SCC) included as the dependent variable. All herd level factors were analysed individually in separate regression models, which included an adjustment for geographical location of the farm; a multiple regression model was subsequently developed. Management practices associated with low SCC included the use of dry cow therapy, participation in a milk recording scheme and the use of teat disinfection post-milking. There was an association between low SCC and an increased level of hygiene and frequency of cleaning of the holding yard, passageways and cubicles. Herd management factors associated with bulk tank SCC in Irish grazing herds are generally in agreement with most previous studies from confinement systems of milk production.  相似文献   
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A technique for estimating herbage intake by weighing sheep before and after grazing, with an allowance for insensible weight loss (IWL) was evaluated.
Live weights were estimated by weighing each animal 200 times using an electronic balance and a microcomputer. This enabled each sheep to be weighed to ± 10 g and overcame the problem of fluctuation in weight due to movement. Mean rates of IWL in housed sheep were 2·3, 1·4, and 0·8 g min−1 for walking, standing eating or idling and when lying ruminating respectively. Intake rate (IR) estimated by weighing gave a small but significant bias of −0·8 g min−1 when compared with measurements of IR made using housed sheep. Estimates of IWL and IR were made with ewes grazing continuously stocked ryegrass swards maintained at surface heights of 3,6,9 and 12 cm. IWL was higher outdoors than indoors and tended to be higher on the longer swards. IR estimated by weighing gave similar results to those obtained using the chromic oxide technique. At a sward surface height of 3 cm, IR and total intake were lower than for taller swards and total time spent grazing decreased with increasing sward surface height.  相似文献   
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A 10-week grazing experiment was conducted on a perennial ryegrass sward with lactating ewes and their twin lambs. Three paddocks were rotationally grazed with rest periods of from 4 to 5 weeks. Sward surface heights at the start of each grazing were 145, 259 and 250mni for treatments RG1, RG2 and RG3. A further four paddocks were maintained by continuous variable stocking (CS) at sward surface heights (SSHs) of about 30, 60, 90 and 120mm. Sward and animal measurements were made on the two different grazing managements as the RG swards were grazed down, giving measurements at similar sward heights for treatments RG and CS.
There was less green leaf and the total herbage mass present under RG was less than on CS swards at the same sward heights, demonstrating the differences in structure between rotationally and continuously grazed swards.
Regression analysis of animal factors on sward factors showed that grazing behaviour was more highly correlated with green leaf mass than SSH or any of the other sward measurements. On the RG swards, maximum intake per animal was reached at about 1500 kg green leaf mass ha−1. A SSH of 60mm allowed the CS ewes to achieve the highest intake rate, but at this height the ewes on treatments RG2 and RG3 were restricted to approximately half this rate. The results suggest that green leaf mass or leaf area index, rather than sward surface height, could be used as a rational basis to relate intake of herbage to sward state for swards changing rapidly in leaf to stem ratio.  相似文献   
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AIM: To assess a novel method for automatic in-line detection of clinical mastitis.

METHODS: For a brief period at the start of milking for each cow, electrical conductivity of foremilk was measured for each quarter in turn, using a single sensor installed in the long milk tube (LMT) about 1.5 m downstream from the milking-machine claw. Sequential separation of flow between udder quarters was achieved by control of pulsation to individual teatcups within a conventional cluster. The ratio of conductivity values between quarters was used as an indicator of mastitis status. The concept was evaluated initially in a pilot trial in a 200-cow herd milked in a 23-stall swing-over herringbone milking parlour. It was then tested rigorously in a field trial in a 640-cow herd milked in a 50-stall rotary milking parlour. Both trials were conducted in the Waikato region of New Zealand. In the latter trial, sensor results were compared with visual inspection of a commercial in-line mastitis filter fitted to each milking unit. These filters were inspected for clots immediately after every cow's milking, for 3 weeks. The dataset of approximately 27,000 individual milkings was tested against several published or potential alter- native ‘gold standards’ for diagnosing clinical mastitis.

RESULTS: In the pilot trial, 12–14 clinical events were detected out of 19 true clinical quarters, with a false-alert rate of between three and five false electrical-conductivity alerts per 1,000 individual milkings. In the more rigorous field trial, sensitivity ranged from 68 to 88%, and the false-alert rate (false-alert episodes per 1,000 individual milkings) ranged from 2.3 to 7.0.

CONCLUSION: The novel clinical mastitis detection system, based on separation of the flow and measurement of electrical conductivity from foremilk of individual udder quarters, has the potential to provide a new tool for helping farmers to monitor clinical mastitis in herds milked with conventional clusters.  相似文献   
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