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81.
82.
M. F. Mosaheb B.V.Sc A. H. P. W. Ladds M.V.Sc. Ph.D. 《Australian veterinary journal》1973,49(11):512-516
83.
84.
MM WILLIAMSON PT HOOPER PW SELLECK LJ GLEESON PW DANIELS HA WESTBURY PK MURRAY 《Australian veterinary journal》1998,76(12):813-818
Objective To determine the infectivity and transmissibility of Hendra virus (HeV). Design A disease transmission study using fruit bats, horses and cats. Procedure Eight grey-headed fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus) were inoculated and housed in contact with three uninfected bats and two uninfected horses. In a second exper iment, four horses were inoculated by subcutaneous injection and intranasal inoculation and housed in contact with three uninfected horses and six uninfected cats. In a third experi ment, 12 cats were inoculated and housed in contact with three uninfected horses. Two surviving horses were inoculated at the conclusion of the third experiment: the first orally and the second by nasal swabbing. All animals were necropsied and examined by gross and microscopic pathological methods, immunoperoxidase to detect viral antigen in formalin-fixed tissues, virus isolation was attempted on tissues and SNT and ELISA methods were used to detect HeV-specific antibody. Results Clinical disease was not observed in the fruit bats, although six of eight inoculated bats developed antibody against HeV, and two of six developed vascular lesions which contained viral antigen. The in-contact bats and horses did not seroconvert. Three of four horses that were inoculated devel oped acute disease, but in-contact horses and cats were not infected. In the third experiment, one of three in-contact horses contracted disease. At the time of necropsy, high titres of HeV were detected in the kidneys of six acutely infected horses, in the urine of four horses and the mouth of two, but not in the nasal cavities or tracheas. Conclusions Grey-headed fruit bats seroconvert and develop subclinical disease when inoculated with HeV. Horses can be infected by oronasal routes and can excrete HeV in urine and saliva. It is possible to transmit HeV from cats to horses. Transmission from P poliocephalus t o horses could not be proven and neither could transmission from horses to horses or horses to cats. Under the experimental conditions of the study the virus is not highly contagious. 相似文献
85.
Objective To compare the wettability and efficacy of diazinon dip wash made with and without the addition of zinc sulphate.
Design Field experiments using a shower and a plunge dip complemented by in-vitro wettability experiments.
Procedure A flock of infested sheep was divided into groups and treated in a shower dip with clear or cloudy dam water plus up to 1.5% zinc sulphate. Another infested line of sheep was treated using a plunge dip with nil or 1% zinc sulphate. In both experiments, wetting was assessed after dipping and louse counts were conducted for 9 months after treatment. Five in-vitro experiments compared the wettability of dip wash containing diazinon with up to 1.5% zinc sulphate added.
Results In the shower dipping experiment, live lice were found at 1 month after dipping in the cloudy water groups with 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.5% zinc sulphate and at 2 months in the 0.75% zinc sulphate group. No lice were found at subsequent inspections or at any time in the groups that were plunge dipped. Zinc sulphate decreased the amount of dip wash retained by wool staples in all in-vitro experiments (P < 0.05).
Conclusion Zinc sulphate should be considered as a risk factor that could cause failure to eradicate a lice infestation. The risk can be overcome by ensuring that all sheep are saturated at dipping and that the dip wash, and any holding tanks, are agitated throughout the dipping event. 相似文献
Design Field experiments using a shower and a plunge dip complemented by in-vitro wettability experiments.
Procedure A flock of infested sheep was divided into groups and treated in a shower dip with clear or cloudy dam water plus up to 1.5% zinc sulphate. Another infested line of sheep was treated using a plunge dip with nil or 1% zinc sulphate. In both experiments, wetting was assessed after dipping and louse counts were conducted for 9 months after treatment. Five in-vitro experiments compared the wettability of dip wash containing diazinon with up to 1.5% zinc sulphate added.
Results In the shower dipping experiment, live lice were found at 1 month after dipping in the cloudy water groups with 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.5% zinc sulphate and at 2 months in the 0.75% zinc sulphate group. No lice were found at subsequent inspections or at any time in the groups that were plunge dipped. Zinc sulphate decreased the amount of dip wash retained by wool staples in all in-vitro experiments (P < 0.05).
Conclusion Zinc sulphate should be considered as a risk factor that could cause failure to eradicate a lice infestation. The risk can be overcome by ensuring that all sheep are saturated at dipping and that the dip wash, and any holding tanks, are agitated throughout the dipping event. 相似文献
86.
Groups of sheep infested with strains of Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis were obtained from flocks either with a history of failure to control lice with synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pour-on insecticides, or from farms where SP compounds were not used. The sheep were treated according to the manufacturer's recommendations with registered "off-shears" SP formulations. All treatments were applied under ideal conditions with doses calculated on an individual body weight basis and applied to the dorsal mid-line from the base of the neck to the butt of the tail. Treated sheep were kept in pens and maintained in separate groups. The pour-on SP treatments significantly reduced the lice population but failed to eliminate the infestation in 7 of 13 experiments in sheep carrying strains of lice with resistance factors of greater than 4 to at least one of the SP compounds. Failures occurred with all three of the SP pour-ons currently registered for lice control in NSW and with both water-based and organic solvent-based formulations. 相似文献
87.
C M Campero P W Ladds D Hoffmann B Duffield D Watson G Fordyce 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1990,24(3):235-246
Antibody responses in serum and semen, and immunoglobulin containing cell (ICC) populations in the genitalia of bulls were compared after inoculating Brucella abortus strain 19 into the seminal vesicles of two bulls (ISV route) and into testes in two other bulls (IT route). Bulls seroconverted as early as 1 week post-infection (PI). Peak serum titres as determined by the serum agglutination test (SAT), complement fixation test (CFT) and ELISA occurred at PI weeks 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Highest titres were in IT inoculated bulls. Seminal antibodies against B. arbotus S19 were demonstrated from 2 weeks PI by both the SAT and the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and highest titres occurred at PI weeks 3 and 4. Examination of immunoglobulins (Ig) in semen, however, revealed no significant differences of Ig isotypes between infected and control animals at any examination time. When bulls were killed at 7 weeks PI, quantitation of ICC in genital sections stained by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method revealed an overwhelming predominance of IgG containing cells in inflamed organs. In all cases IgG1- and IgG2-containing cells were prevalent, and present in approximately equal numbers. IgA-containing cells were second in prevalence in inflamed tissues while IgM cells were always in low percentage. High prevalence of ICC in infected genitalia, associated with elevated specific seminal antibodies but not with increased seminal Ig indicates that most Ig remains localised in tissues and is not transferred into genital secretions. 相似文献
88.
89.
Quantitative histological studies were performed on the testis and epididymis of 80 normal bulls from beef herds in tropical Australia. Four age groups, ranging from nine months to over 10 years were established. Volumetric proportions of parenchymal and collagenous tissues, and tubular or duct surface to tissue volume ratios were determined at the dorsal, middle and ventral testicular regions and at the head, body and tail of the epididymis for each group. Detailed volumetric analyses of the relative volumes of particular parenchymal and stromal elements were made a the middle testicular region. Lymphoid and plasma cell populations were compared in all regions, including the efferent ducts. Differences in the distribution of testicular parenchyma and collagen were found; the dorsal region had more parenchyma and less collagen than the middle and ventral areas. Progressive intertubular fibrosis attributed to age was quantified; it was most marked ventrally. Reductions in the relative volumes of germinal cells, Sertoli cells, tubular cytoplasm and parenchyma, and in tubular surface to testis volume ratios with advancing age, indicated a decrease in the capacity per unit volume of testis to produce sperm. Increased immunocyte populations in the efferent duct region in young bulls were attributed to initial antigenic exposure. Increased antigenic exposure, in association with senile degenerative changes of the genitalia, might have caused the increased immunocyte populations seen in very old bulls. 相似文献
90.
Epididymal spermatic granulomas from five adult (greater than 4 years old) rams from a commercial flock were evaluated by quantitative histologic methods. Sections were stained for isotype specific immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing cells or specific lymphocyte subsets, as indicated by plasma membrane staining with monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). For the purpose of analysis, individual spermatic granulomas were allocated to one of three groups (early, resolving, or intermediate) on the basis of histologic examination. Ig-containing cells were most prevalent in early spermatic granulomas, and IgG-containing cells predominated in all spermatic granulomas regardless of their presumed age. IgM immunoglobulin-containing cells were the next in prevalence, and IgA-containing cells were infrequent. Assessment of lymphocyte subsets confirmed that lymphocytes present were of both T- and B-cell lineage and were well represented in all spermatic granulomas. CD4+ (MHC Class II-restricted "helper") T-cells were more prevalent in early spermatic granulomas than in intermediate or resolving types, while CD8+ (MHC Class I-restricted, "cytotoxic/suppressor") T-cells were more prevalent in spermatic granulomas of the intermediate type. These results suggest that in addition to an essentially foreign body reaction to extravasated spermatozoa, both local production of antibody and accumulation of a variety of B- and T-lymphocytes are present in ovine spermatic granulomas. 相似文献