Effect of protection against hot climate on growth performance,physiological response and endocrine profile of growing lambs under semi-arid tropical environment     

De  Kalyan  Kumar  Davendra  Singh  Anoop Kumar  Kumar  Kamal  Sahoo  Artabandhu  Naqvi  Syed Mohammed Khursheed 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(6):1317-1323

In the hot semi-arid tropical region, extreme summer is a major constraint in sheep production. The growth performance of growing lambs is impaired during the summer. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the effect of protection against hot climate on growth performance, physiological response, and endocrine profile of growing lambs under semi-arid tropical environment. All the data in the experiment were presented as mean ± SE. Thirty Malpura lambs with the age of 122.7 ± 6.05 days and body weight of 19.52 ± 0.42 kg were allotted into three groups, viz. G1 (control, lambs kept in open area under tree shade), G2 (lambs kept in conventional asbestos-roofed shed), and G3 (lambs kept in designed shed). The allotment was based on their initial body weight so that the mean body weight of each group was similar. In all three types of protection, lambs were provided with sufficient space to move and social interaction. In asbestos-roofed shed (G2), all the four sides from ground to the roof were fenced with strong galvanized iron chain link. But in G3, all the four sides were constructed in a manner that there was 0.13 m air space between inner and outer solid brick columns of the wall up to 1.37 m height, and rest up to the roof was fenced with bamboo splint net. The air space between the two columns of the wall was filled with sand, and it was kept in moist condition by continuous water drips which provide extra evaporative cooling. The designed shed was basically constructed with bamboo. Tree shade was assured under the natural shades of large trees. The shaded area was protected by wire fences. The experiment was conducted for 45 days during very high temperature (May–June). The lambs were provided with ad libitum green fodder, dry roughage, 300 g concentrate, and ad libitum drinking water. The respiration rate at morning and afternoon, pulse rate at morning and afternoon and rectal temperature at afternoon was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in lambs of G3 as compared to other groups. The final body weight did not differ significantly between the groups, but average daily gain (g/day) was higher in G3 (150.06 ± 11.13) as compared to the G1 (109.69 ± 18.10). The feed conversion rate (FCR) was significantly (P < 0.05) better in G3 (5.49 ± 0.08) as compared to G1 (7.65 ± 0.08) and G2 (6.60 ± 0.08). The hemoglobin level was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in G1. The endocrine profile did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) among the groups, but insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was higher in G3. It can be concluded from this study the lambs provided with better protection during summer remained in more comfortable condition, showed better FCR, and although not statistically significant showed better growth performance.

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Depressed polymorphonuclear cell functions in periparturient cows that develop postpartum reproductive diseases     

Rafiqul Islam  Harendra Kumar  Gyanendra Singh  Binsila B. Krishnan  Sahadeb Dey 《Veterinary research communications》2017,41(3):201-209

The study was planned to see if there is any important and significant changes in the PMN function in cows suffering from postpartum reproductive diseases (PRD). Blood sampling was done from 41 pregnant cows on 15 days prepartum (?15d), calving day (0d), 15 days (15d) and 30 days (30d) postpartum and thorough gynaecological examination was performed on 0d, 15d, 30d and 45d for diagnosis of PRD like retained placenta (RP), clinical metritis (CM), clinical endometritis (CE) and delayed involution of uterus (DIU). The heparinised blood was used for isolation of PMN leukocytes for estimation of superoxide (SO), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in each group of cows. The SO production (ΔOD) was greater for normal (0.19 ± 0.05) than cows suffering from RP (?0.12 ± 0.09), CM (?0.15 ± 0.13) and CE (?0.07 ± 0.05) at -15d. The mean value was greater for normal cows (0.12) than the cows with PRD (0.05 to 0.9) at 30d. The H₂O₂ production was greater for normal than cows with PRD at all sampling days and significantly greater than cows with RP and CE at 15d (p < 0.01) and 30d (P < 0.05). The MPO activity (μmol/1 × 10⁷) was greater for normal (18.77 ± 1.27) than for RP (12.52 ± 2.57) and CM (11.31 ± 3.30) cows on 0d. The depressed capability of the PMN from the cows with PRD to produce SO, H₂O₂ and MPO during the periparturient period indicated their association with the development of RP, CM and CE.  相似文献   

Assessment of nebulisation of sodium ceftiofur in the treatment of calves naturally infected with bovine respiratory disease     

Vivek Joshi  V. K. Gupta  U. Dimri  O. R. Vinodh Kumar  D. K. Sharma  A. G. Bhanuprakash 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(3):497-501

Twelve screened cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves were enrolled. Six of the calves were treated intramuscularly with sodium ceftiofur (1 mg/kg), and six were treated with nebulised sodium ceftiofur (1 mg/kg). Comparative evaluation of the two therapeutic modalities was based on repetitive analysis of hematological profile of calves on days 0, 5, and 10 post-therapy. The mortality rate in the group of calves treated with the nebulised sodium ceftiofur was significantly (p?<?0.001) lower, and their clinical and hematological parameters returned to normal significantly (p?<?0.001) faster than in calves treated intramuscularly. Nebulisation of sodium ceftiofur is the most effective treatment in calves with BRD under field conditions. Nasal lavage fluid analysis indicating a high rise of neutrophil count and macrophages may be used as an alternative method to detect pulmonary inflammation in BRD-affected calves.  相似文献   

Toxicity and dissipation of soil insecticides applied in the management of arecanut white grub, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucopholis burmeisteri</Emphasis> Brenk. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)     

P. S. Prathibha  K. Subaharan  A. R. V. Kumar 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(2):155-163

White grubs, Leucopholis spp. are subterranean pests of arecanut grown in South India. Grub infestation leads to yellowing, stem tapering, and crown size and yield reduction. Use of chemical insecticide to mage the white grubs gives varying degree of success. Hence an attempt was made to screen newer and safer insecticides. Imidacloprid (LC₅₀ at 120 h = 16.849 ppm on III instar larvae), chlorpyriphos (LC₅₀ = 14.242) and bifenthrin (LC₅₀ = 12.797 ppm) were identified as effective insecticides. Evaluation of these insecticide in the field over two year period indicated the following efficacy in reducing larval population: chlorpyriphos @ 4 kg a.i/ha (83.31%) > bifenthrin @ 4 kg a.i./ha (82.83%) > imidacloprid @ 0.24 kg a.i./ha (75.84%) > bifenthrin @ 2 kg a.i./ ha (74.26%) > chlorpyriphos @ 2 kg a.i./ha (69.15%) > chlorpyriphos @ 1 kg a.i./ha (61.79%) > imidacloprid @ 0.12 kg a.i./ha (56.54%) > bifenthrin @ 1 kg a.i./ha (54.34%) > imidacloprid @ 0.06 kg a.i./ha (41.47%). Bifenthrin in soil persisted for a longer period than chlorpyriphos. On the day of application, 59.46 ppm bifenthrin residue was recovered from soil. On 10th day, it was 7.29 ppm which decreased to 2.59 ppm on 30th day and was beyond detection limit on 65th day. Chlorpyriphos exhibited a rapid degradation in the initial stage; 27.46 ppm residue on the day of application, which further reduced to 0.964 ppm on 10th day, and was below the detection limit on the 30th day. Growth of Trichoderma harzianum was not affected by bifenthrin even up to 40 ppm concentration. However, chlorpyriphos affected the growth of Trichoderma at higher than 5 ppm dose. Similarly, imidacloprid inhibited the colony growth from 2 ppm onwards. Having high lipophylic property and contact toxicity, bifenthrin would be an ideal alternative insecticide to chlorpyriphos for the management of white grubs in palm garden, which is safe and long persisting.  相似文献   

Associated bacterial diversity of insecticide-susceptible and -resistant brown planthopper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nilaparvata lugens</Emphasis> (Homoptera: Delphacidae) analyzed by culture-dependent and -independent methods     

V. M. Malathi  Sushil Kumar Jalali  Vazhakkala Jose Lyju  R. Gandhi Gracy  Ravi Prabhakar More  Rangasamy Anandham  Apoothy Thulasi  Thiruvengadam Venkatesan 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(5):683-693

Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is one of the major pests of rice throughout tropical and temperate Asia. Indiscriminate use of insecticides for suppressing N. lugens has resulted in the development of resistance to multiple insecticide classes, causing frequent control failures in the field. Analysis of gut bacterial diversity within an insect host is the initial step towards understanding the ecological roles of the symbionts. Present study aimed to survey the bacterial diversity associated with laboratory-reared (insecticide-susceptible) and field-collected (insecticide-resistant) populations of N. lugens by culture-dependent and PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) methods. Seventeen bacterial isolates were obtained by the culture-dependent method. Molecular characterization using the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Taxonomic assignment placed these isolates into seven families representing 10 genera. Enterobacteriaceae was the most dominant family with its occurrence in four out of the five populations studied. The DGGE profiles indicated a low complex gut bacteria associated with N. lugens with limited number of bands. The Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 0.898 in insecticide-susceptible population to 0.946–1.035 in resistant populations. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the DGGE bands belonged to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes. Results of this study illustrated that gut bacterial community associated with N. lugens is dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Present findings could provide the basis for future work on the possible role of the bacterial symbionts in insecticide resistance and to formulate potential resistance management strategies.  相似文献   

Identification of mungbean lines with tolerance or resistance to yellow mosaic in fields in India where different begomovirus species and different <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> cryptic species predominate     

R. M. Nair  M. Götz  S. Winter  R. R. Giri  V. N. Boddepalli  A. Sirari  T. S. Bains  G. K. Taggar  H. K. Dikshit  M. Aski  M. Boopathi  D. Swain  A. Rathore  V. Anil Kumar  E. C. Lii  L. Kenyon 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,147(2):349-364

The segmentation of symptoms during image analysis of diseased plant leaves is an essential process for detection and classification of diseases. However, there are challenges involved in the task, many of them related to the variability of image and host/symptom characteristics and conditions. As a result of those challenges, the methods proposed in the literature so far focus on a specific problem and are usually bounded by tight constraints regarding image capture conditions. This research explores a new automatic method for segmenting disease symptoms on plant leaves that was designed to be applicable in a wide range of situations. The proposed technique employs only color channel manipulations and Boolean operations applied on binary masks, thus being simpler and more robust compared to many previously described automatic methods. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by tests performed over a large database containing images of 77 different diseases of 11 plant species. A comparison with manual segmentation is also presented, further reinforcing the advantages of the proposed approach.  相似文献   

Biocontrol potential of Alternaria sp. PMK2, against a devastating weed: Parthenium hysterophorus L     

Manpreet Kaur  Neeraj Kumar Aggarwal 《国际虫害防治杂志》2017,63(1):47-53

Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) is known as one of the most aggressive invasive weeds, causing severe economic, environmental, human and animal health problems in India and around the world. During a series of extensive surveys for natural enemies of P. hysterophorus, a leaf spot pathogen was isolated from the affected parts of the parthenium following the standard isolation techniques using potato dextrose agar (PDA) and parthenium dextrose agar (PeDA) media. Koch's postulates were performed and found satisfactory for the isolate and proved to be pathogenic to this weed. On the basis of cultural, morphological and molecular characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria sp. PMK2. The growth of the pathogen was studied on eight selected media and it exhibited varying degrees of growth on different media. Phytotoxicity of fungal cultural filtrates was also confirmed on parthenium leaves in laboratory conditions. Due to the virulent nature of the isolated pathogen, it may be selected for further studies to develop mycoherbicide for control of this devastating weed.  相似文献   

Molecular identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chilli leaf curl India virus</Emphasis> along with betasatellite molecule causing leaf curl disease of menthol mint (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha arvensis</Emphasis> var. Kosi) in India     

Sana Tabanda Saeed  B. Kumar  A. K. Shasany  A. Samad 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2017,83(5):333-336

Whitefly-transmitted begomovirus induces leaf curling and stunting of Mentha arvensis (Kosi) and is responsible for heavy economic losses in and around Lucknow, India. The complete genome was amplified, sequenced and assembled as 2759 bp long, with 1376 bp betasatellite molecule. Because no DNA-B amplicon was detected, the virus was classified as “Old World begomovirus” with the characteristic seven ORFs; two ORFs (AV1, AV2) in the V-sense and five ORFs (AC1–AC5) in the C-sense. BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis showed highest similarity (98%) with chilli leaf curl India virus (ChiLCINV). This is the first report of ChiLCINV infection in M. arvensis (Kosi) from India.  相似文献   

Impact of sesquiterpenes from Inula racemosa (Asteraceae) on growth,development and nutrition of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)          下载免费PDF全文

Mandeep Kaur  Rakesh Kumar  Deep Patel Upendrabhai  Inder Pal Singh  Sanehdeep Kaur 《Pest management science》2017,73(5):1031-1038

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A Comparison of Diffusion-Conductimetric and Distillation-Titration Methods in Analyzing Ammonium- and Nitrate-Nitrogen in the KCl-Extracts of Georgia Soils     

Uttam K. Saha  Leticia Sonon  Bipul K. Biswas 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(1):63-75

Soil mineral (or inorganic) nitrogen (SMN), which primarily exists as exchangeable and soluble ammonium (NH4⁺) and the nitrate (NO₃^?) ions, represents readily available nitrogen for plant growth. Over the years a 2M potassium chloride (KCl) solution has become the extraction solution of choice for extracting SMN. In the research and service laboratories, either distillation-titration method (DTM) or colorimetric method (CM) is virtually the standard to measure NH₄⁺- and NO₃^?-N in the 2M KCl soil extracts. However, being a time-consuming and labor intensive method, DTM generally has a very low throughput. Likewise, CM is affected by interferences from pH variation, color, turbidity, presence of organic species, and some other constituents in the extracts. In contrast, diffusion conductivity method (DCM) is a less expensive and high throughput one, which is also relatively free from common interferences. In this study, we, therefore, compared the extraction efficiency of various KCl concentrations and performance of diffusion conductivity method (DCM) with DTM in measuring NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^?-N in KCl extracts of 32 agricultural soils of Georgia. A 0.2M KCl solution extracted statistically similar amounts of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^?-N as did 2M KCl, suggesting that a 10-fold dilute KCl solution than the standard 2M KCl might be good enough to extract and estimate the most of SMN. For the analyses of NH₄⁺- and NO₃^?-N in the KCl extracts, the DCM produced results statistically similar to those produced by DTM. The deviation between the results given by DCM and DTM was no more than ±10%. Thus, DCM appears to be an attractive alternative to the labor intensive and time-consuming DTM for measuring NH₄⁺- and NO₃^?-N in the KCl extract of soils in the research and service laboratories.  相似文献