Phase behavior and component partitioning in low water content amorphous carbohydrates and their potential impact on encapsulation of flavors     

Gunning YM  Parker R  Ring SG  Rigby NM  Wegg B  Blake A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(2):395-399

The compositions at which amorphous ethanol-maltose-water mixtures exhibit liquid-liquid separation have been determined in the temperature range from 20 to 80 degrees C. At water contents below approximately 20% w/w two phases were observed, with the maltose-rich phase slightly richer in water. Partition coefficients of organic nonelectrolytes ranging in hydrophobicity from 1, 2-ethanediol and 1,2-propanediol to benzyl alcohol and propyl acetate have been measured for octanol/sorbitol, benzyl alcohol/sorbitol, and 1-butanol/sorbitol mixtures. Linear correlations were found between the log partition coefficients in the various solvent systems. Replacing water with sorbitol results in more organic partitioning into the octanol. Replacing octanol with benzyl alcohol or 1-butanol also results in more organic partitioning into the hydrophobic phase. The results establish a relationship with partition coefficients for octanol/water mixtures, which are well studied experimentally and for which predictive approaches exist. The implications of these results for flavor retention and encapsulation are discussed.  相似文献   

Factors affecting the release of flavor encapsulated in carbohydrate matrixes   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Gunning YM  Gunning PA  Kemsley EK  Parker R  Ring SG  Wilson RH  Blake A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(12):5198-5205

The effects of water content and temperature variation on the release of flavor components into the headspace over flavors, encapsulated by an extrusion process, in low water content carbohydrate matrixes is studied. The largest amounts of release occurred when the matrix was above its glass transition temperature, whether this was due to increased water content or elevated temperature. Under these conditions up to 70% of the sucrose in the matrix crystallized over a period of 10 days, as quantified using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Smaller amounts of headspace release occurred when the water content of the encapsulated flavor system was decreased from 3. 5 to 3.1% w/w. Small amounts of release occurred from the "as prepared" materials, which were associated with the presence of small amounts of unencapsulated flavor oil with direct access to the headspace. It was concluded that release due to matrix permeability was relatively slow as compared with the above mechanisms.  相似文献   

Subsoiling effects on four pine seed orchard soils     

J.C. Parker  D.F. Amos 《Soil & Tillage Research》1982,2(1):53-66

Short- and long-term effects of subsoiling four soils were closely related to variations in soil structure and consistence. Penetration resistance decreased when shear failure was accomplished by fracturing. Plastic failure in a near saturated, clayey subsoil did not affect penetration resistance. Penetration resistance of a firm, clayey subsoil with weak to moderately strong structure was lower than presubsoiling levels 2 years after subsoiling. In soils with strong structure, fracturing may occur between peds, which in time settle back to their approximate original configuration. More intra-pedal fracturing probably occurs in soils with weaker structure, thus reducing average ped size and increasing interpedal macropore volume, even after settling. Subsoiling of a loose, sandy soil decreased penetration resistance for at least 4 months, but after 4 years no residual effect was found.Only in the sandy soil did subsoiling have any noticeable effect on soil moisture content. Vertical filling of the blade and mole channels with A1 horizon material resulted in increased moisture content in the mole channel 4 months after subsoiling. After 4 years, moisture content in the A1 horizon remained higher in the vicinity of the channel. This may be due to increased upward movement of water through the more highly organic A1 horizon material that had infiltrated along the blade channel.  相似文献   

Esterified phenolics of the cell walls of chufa (Cyperus esculentusL. ) tubers and their role in texture     

Parker ML  Ng A  Smith AC  Waldron KW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(12):6284-6291

Chufas (Cyperus esculentus) are edible tubers that, like Chinese waterchestnut (CWC), are very crisp when raw and do not soften when cooked. The present study compares the mechanical properties of chufas with those of potato and CWC in relation to the carbohydrate and phenolic compositions of the cell walls. The cutting toughness of raw chufa was higher than that of raw CWC and potato; its value decreased on boiling, as also observed with CWC, but remained over twice that of raw potato. Chufa cell walls were rich in xylose, arabinose, glucose, uronic acid, and galactose, with minor quantities of mannose. The cell walls of the parenchyma exhibited a uniform pH-dependent autofluorescence indicating the presence of cinnamic acid derivatives. Analysis of these revealed that peeled tuber cell walls are rich in ferulic acid, whereas p-coumaric acid dominates the monomeric phenol fraction of the skin. Cell wall material from both skin and peeled tubers contains a significant amount of different diferulic acids ( approximately 20% of the wall ferulic acid), consisting mainly of the 8-O-4'-, 8-5'-, and 5-5'-dimers. These are potentially available to form thermally stable cross-links between polysaccharides within the wall and between cells. This may confer thermal stability of texture.  相似文献   

Diurnal migration and responses to simulated rainfall in desert soil microarthropods and nematodes     

Walter G. Whitford  Diana W. Freckman  Ned Z. Elkins  Lawrence W. Parker  Rob Parmalee  Janice Phillips  Suzanne Tucker 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1981,13(5):417-425

Diurnal patterns of microarthropod abundance in surface leaf litter were related to its moisture content. Leaf litter moisture was nearly 7% by weight at 0800h but fell to less than 1% by mid-day. Oribatid and tydeid mites moved into litter in the early morning and back into the soil before mid-day. There were no significant differences in numbers of nematodes in litter or soil and 78–98% of the nematodes were anhydrobiotic (coiled) in soil and litter at all times sampled.Following simulated rainfall there were fewer microarthropods in litter at mid-day in the absence of marked decreases in soil and litter moisture content. During drying, there were gradual reductions in numbers and species diversity of litter microarthropods. Nematode numbers did not change as litter dried. Anhydrobiotic nematodes in the soil increased from 14% on day 1 to 85% on day 4. Between 24 and 36 h after simulated rainfall, the proportion of anhydrobiotic litter nematodes increased from 35 to 80%,.Within 1 h after simulated rainfall, there were marked increases in numbers and diversity of microarthropods in surface litter. No collembolans were extracted from dry litter controls but the wet litter was dominated by isotomid, sminthurid and onychiurid collembolans. There were increases in numbers and diversity of oribatid, tydeid and gamasid mites in the wet surface litter within l h after wetting compared to controls.  相似文献   

Repair of diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats using interlocking intramedullary nails: 12 cases (1996-2000).     

A Larin  C S Eich  R B Parker  W P Stubbs 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,219(8):1098-1104

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of femoral fractures repaired with 4.0- and 4.7-mm interlocking intramedullary nails in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 12 cats with diaphyseal femoral fractures. PROCEDURE: Records of all cats in which the 4.0- and 4.7-mm interlocking nail system was used for repair of diaphyseal femoral fractures at the Animal Medical Center and Florida Veterinary Specialists between 1996 and 2000 were reviewed. Information included signalment, type of fracture, size of the implant, details of the surgery, intra- and postoperative complications, fracture healing, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Femoral fractures in 12 cats were repaired. Eleven of the fractures were comminuted, with 2 of these being open. Clinical outcome was excellent in 7 cats, good in 3, and fair in 1. One resulted in a nonunion. Complications included screw breakage (1 cat) and fracture distal to the nail (1). Fracture distal to the nail occurred from a second trauma. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the interlocking nail has been limited in cats because of the small diameter of the medullary canal. Use of the 4.0-mm nail will allow for greater application of this implant in small patients. Results of this study indicate that the 4.0- and 4.7-mm interlocking nails can be used to repair simple or comminuted diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats.  相似文献   

Handbook of Small Animal Dermatology          下载免费PDF全文

Wendy Parker 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1996,37(12):759

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Reduction of trauma-induced edema of spinal cord in dogs given mannitol   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A J Parker  R D Park  J L Stowater 《American journal of veterinary research》1973,34(10):1355-1357

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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC, GROSS, AND HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION OF A TENDINITIS DISEASE MODEL IN THE HORSE     

Gareth H.  Spurlock  DVM  MS  Shauna L.  Spurlock  DVM  MS  George A.  Parker  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1989,30(4):184-188

Collagenase-induced lesions of the superficial digital flexor tendon were monitored using diagnostic ultrasound and subsequently compared with gross and microscopic findings. The postinjury sonograms demonstrated hypoechoic or anechoic areas corresponding to areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. The size of the lesion increased and the echogenicity decreased with increasing units of collagenase injected into the tendon. As postinjury time increased, echogenicity increased, which corresponded to fibrous-tissue invasion and collagen deposition. The extent of tendon injury produced correlated with the amount of collagenase injected into the tendon. Diagnostic ultrasound is useful in evaluating injury and healing in collagenase— induced tendinitis.  相似文献   

The initial treatment of open fractures     

R B Parker  D R Waldron 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1980,10(3):707-716

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