Risk factors for fatal lateral condylar fracture of the third metacarpus/metatarsus in UK racing     

Parkin TD  Clegg PD  French NP  Proudman CJ  Riggs CM  Singer ER  Webbon PM  Morgan KL 《Equine veterinary journal》2005,37(3):192-199

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Lateral condylar fractures of the third metacarpus/metatarsus are the most common cause of equine fatality on UK racecourses. Identification of risk factors for such injuries and the subsequent implementation of intervention strategies could significantly reduce the total number of racecourse fatalities. OBJECTIVES: To identify horse-, race- and course-level risk factors for fatal lateral condylar fracture in Thoroughbreds on UK racecourses. METHODS: Case-control study designs were used. Case horses were defined as those that were subjected to euthanasia having sustained an irreparable lateral condylar fracture while racing at any of the 59 UK racecourses. Case races were defined as those in which one or more horses sustained a fatal lateral condylar fracture. Three controls for each case horse were selected at random from the race in which the case was running. Three controls for each case race were selected at random from all races of the same type held in the same year. Ninety-eight cases were included in the study. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify the relationship between a number of independent variables and the likelihood of fracture. RESULTS: Horses doing no gallop work during training and those in their first year of racing were at significantly increased risk of fracture on the racecourse. Case horses were also more likely to have started racing as 3- or 4-year-olds. Fractures were found to be more likely in longer races with a larger number of runners, races in which professional jockeys were not permitted to ride and races in which the going was described as firm or hard. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Modifications to training schedules, specifically within the first year of racing, may have a large impact on the risk of fatal lateral condylar fracture on the racecourse. Horses should do some gallop work in training and our results suggest that the minimum distance galloped should be between 201 m (1 furlong) and 1609 m (8 furlongs) per week. The association with age at first race requires further investigation for flat and National Hunt racing separately. A reduction in the number of races taking place on very firm going could have an impact on the number of lateral condylar fractures.  相似文献   

Factors related to the risk of neonatal mortality,birth-weight and serum immunoglobulin concentration in lambs in the UK     

Christley RM  Morgan KL  Parkin TD  French NP 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2003,57(4):209-226

Neonatal-lamb mortality represents an economic loss and welfare concern. Two factors often associated with the risk of mortality are birth-weight and serum immunoglobulin concentration. We used data from two studies to investigate risk factors for mortality between 2 and 14 days of age and factors affecting birth-weight and serum immunoglobulin concentration at 48 h of age. Dataset 1 included 1339 lambs born on eight farms during the 1995 spring lambing season; dataset 2 included 3172 lambs on seven farms during the 1991 spring lambing season. To account for some of the potential clustering within the data, multilevel models were used. Most (>75%) of the variation in the risk of mortality was at the lamb level. In dataset 1, factors significantly associated with increased odds of lamb mortality included low birth-weight and low serum immunoglobulin concentration. In dataset 2, significant risk factors for mortality included low birth-weight, ewe body-condition score, being born late in the season (relative to other lambs on the farm) and being born in multiple litters. There was a significant interaction between the effects of litter size and birth-weight. (Serum immunoglobulin concentration was not available for dataset 2.) More than half of the variation in birth-weight was at the ewe level, 27% at the lamb level, and 18% at the farm level (dataset 1). Single birth and being male were associated with increased birth-weight in both datasets. In dataset 2 only, increasing ewe condition score and birth early in the study period were also associated with increased birth-weight. Fifty-six percent of the variation in immunoglobulin concentration was at the lamb level, 36% at the ewe level and only 7% at the farm level. Factors associated with reduced serum immunoglobulin concentration included early or late birth in the lambing season, being born later than 14 days after the first lamb born on the farm, multiple-birth litters and maternal mastitis.  相似文献   

An overview of arboviruses affecting domestic animals in Australia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

TD ST GEORGE 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(12):393-395

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Influx Measurements of Extraterrestrial Material: Sea sediments, polar ice, air, and space are searched for amount and character of interplanetary debris     

Parkin DW  Tilles D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,159(3818):936-946

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Race- and course-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds     

Parkin TD  Clegg PD  French NP  Proudman CJ  Riggs CM  Singer ER  Webbon PM  Morgan KL 《Equine veterinary journal》2004,36(6):521-526

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Considerable variation in the rates of equine fatality at different racecourses draws attention to probable risk factors at the level of course or race that might be partly responsible. Distal limb fractures are the most common cause of equine fatality on UK racecourses and identification of risk factors for such injuries and subsequent implementation of intervention strategies could significantly reduce the total number of racecourse fatalities. OBJECTIVES: To identify race- and course-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in Thoroughbreds on UK racecourses. METHODS: A case-control study design was used. Case races were defined as those in which one or more horses sustained fatal fracture of the distal limb. Controls were selected in 2 different ways. Firstly, 3 races in which no fracture occurred were selected from all races of the same type held within 5 days of the case race (Analysis 1). Secondly, 3 control races were selected for each case race from all races of the same type held in the same year (Analysis 2). One hundred and nine cases were included in the study. Information about the race and the racecourses was collected from Computer Raceform. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify the relationship between a number of independent variables and the likelihood of fracture in a race. RESULTS: Longer races with a larger number of runners were more likely to contain a fracture. Firmer going and fewer days since the last race on the same course were associated with an increased risk of fracture. The going at the course at the previous race meeting was also associated with the likelihood of fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Modifications to the going on the day of a race and greater emphasis on ground maintenance between race meetings may have an impact on the risk of fatal distal limb fracture during racing. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Modification of risk factors such as the going and number of days since the last race meeting could reduce the number of equine fatalities on UK racecourses. The condition of the racecourse may be an important risk factor and future research should focus on the identification of course maintenance techniques that produce the safest possible racing surfaces.  相似文献   

Editorial     

W. DayC.S. Parkin 《Biosystems Engineering》2010,105(1):1-9

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The association between clinical parameters recorded at vet gates during Fédération Equestre Internationale endurance rides and the imminent risk of elimination     

Euan D. Bennet  Megan E. Hayes  Laura Friend  Tim D. H. Parkin 《Equine veterinary journal》2020,52(6):832-840

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A long‐term study on the clinical effects of mechanical widening of cheek teeth diastemata for treatment of periodontitis in 202 horses (2008–2011)     

P. M. Dixon  S. Ceen  T. Barnett  J. M. O'Leary  T. D. Parkin  S. Barakzai 《Equine veterinary journal》2014,46(1):76-80

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West African HIV-2-related human retrovirus with attenuated cytopathicity   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  

L I Kong  S W Lee  J C Kappes  J S Parkin  D Decker  J A Hoxie  B H Hahn  G M Shaw 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4858):1525-1529

Clinical and seroepidemiological studies in West Africa indicate that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is widespread and associated with immunodeficiency states of variable degree. In this study, an isolate of HIV-2 from a patient in Senegal was molecularly cloned and characterized. This isolate (HIV-2ST) was shown by hybridization and restriction enzyme analysis to be more related to the prototype HIV-2ROD than to other human or primate retroviruses. Cultures of HIV-2ST showed genotypic polymorphism, and clones of the virus had transmembrane envelope glycoproteins of 30 and 42 kilodaltons. Unlike other immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-2ST did not cause cell death or induce cell fusion in peripheral blood lymphocytes or in any of four CD4+ cell lines tested. Although HIV-2ST entered cells by a CD4-dependent mechanism and replicated actively, cell-free transmission of the virus was retarded at the level of cell entry. These findings suggest that immunodeficiency viruses prevalent in West African populations are members of the HIV-2 virus group and that certain strains of this virus have attenuated virulence.  相似文献   

The mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma     

Stransky N  Egloff AM  Tward AD  Kostic AD  Cibulskis K  Sivachenko A  Kryukov GV  Lawrence MS  Sougnez C  McKenna A  Shefler E  Ramos AH  Stojanov P  Carter SL  Voet D  Cortés ML  Auclair D  Berger MF  Saksena G  Guiducci C  Onofrio RC  Parkin M  Romkes M  Weissfeld JL  Seethala RR  Wang L  Rangel-Escareño C  Fernandez-Lopez JC  Hidalgo-Miranda A  Melendez-Zajgla J  Winckler W  Ardlie K  Gabriel SB  Meyerson M  Lander ES  Getz G  Golub TR  Garraway LA  Grandis JR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6046):1157-1160

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common, morbid, and frequently lethal malignancy. To uncover its mutational spectrum, we analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from 74 tumor-normal pairs. The majority exhibited a mutational profile consistent with tobacco exposure; human papillomavirus was detectable by sequencing DNA from infected tumors. In addition to identifying previously known HNSCC genes (TP53, CDKN2A, PTEN, PIK3CA, and HRAS), our analysis revealed many genes not previously implicated in this malignancy. At least 30% of cases harbored mutations in genes that regulate squamous differentiation (for example, NOTCH1, IRF6, and TP63), implicating its dysregulation as a major driver of HNSCC carcinogenesis. More generally, the results indicate the ability of large-scale sequencing to reveal fundamental tumorigenic mechanisms.  相似文献