Identifying priority areas for surface water protection in data scarce regions: An integrated spatial analysis for Zambia     

Bernhard Lehner  Loreen Katiyo  Faith Chivava  Henry M. Sichingabula  Edwin Nyirenda  Nicholas A. Rivers-Moore  Bruce R. Paxton  Günther Grill  Frank Nyoni  Beauty Shamboko-Mbale  Kawawa Banda  Michele L. Thieme  Oscar M. Silembo  Agness Musutu  Raquel Filgueiras 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(8):1998-2016

1. This study aimed to develop an integrated analytical framework to identify candidate sites for surface water protection that is applicable at broad scales and in data scarce regions, using Zambia as a case study.
2. In the Zambian Water Resources Management Act of 2011, Water Resource Protection Areas are defined as areas where special measures are necessary for the protection of a catchment, sub-catchment, aquifer, or geographical area. Three specific selection criteria are listed for the definition of Water Resource Protection Areas: (i) areas of high importance in providing water to users in a catchment; (ii) aquatic areas of high ecological importance; and (iii) areas that are particularly sensitive to human impact.
3. In this project, each sub-catchment and river reach of Zambia was characterized for their importance regarding these three criteria. ‘Water provisioning’ was assessed by analysing patterns of runoff generation and human water use; ‘aquatic ecological importance’ was determined by conducting a freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem assessment using a systematic conservation planning approach; and ‘sensitive areas’ were identified by quantifying erosion potential and sediment transport. The work was supported by an assessment of free-flowing rivers in Zambia, i.e., those rivers where aquatic ecosystem functions and services are largely unaffected by changes to fluvial connectivity through dams and other infrastructure.
4. Highly ranked sub-catchments were found in the Liuwa, Barotse, and Bangweulu floodplains and wetlands, and in the headwater regions of the upper Zambezi, Kafue, Chambeshi/Luapula, and Tanganyika catchments. The Luangwa was identified as the highest ranked candidate river for protection within Zambia.
5. The resulting maps, data, and methods are intended to support national-scale efforts to prioritize areas for surface water protection, identify catchments and rivers with high conservation value, optimize decision making for infrastructure development, and inform concerted strategies to maintain and restore freshwater ecosystem services in Zambia.

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Creep in chipboard     

C. B. Pierce  J. M. Dinwoodie  B. H. Paxton 《Wood Science and Technology》1985,19(1):83-91

Summary Although previous papers in this series have shown that a 4-element rheological model can provide a very good representation of the creep deflection of chipboard in bending, a new set of long-term data shows that it has certain limitations as a model for predicting deflection up to 3^1/2 years. It was deduced in a earlier paper (Pierce et al. 1979) that the linear viscous flow component was likely to predict higher than actual deflections over a long period. This paper shows that view to be correct, and puts forward a modified 4-element model in which the viscous component is non-linear with respect to time. The resulting 5-parameter model is shown to be superior to the 4-parameter model for long-term predictions of creep deflection particularly at the lower stress levels, although it appears that the viscoelastic and viscous components of deflection are not as realistic as in the 4-parameter representation.  相似文献   

Creep in chipboard     

J. M. W. Dinwoodie  C. B. Pierce  B. H. Paxton 《Wood Science and Technology》1984,18(3):205-224

Summary Samples of five chipboards, one waferboard, one plywood, one fibre building board and Scots pine timber were loaded in four point bending at a stress equivalent to 60 per cent of the short term failing stress under five combinations of temperature and relative humidity for a period of six months, or until prior failure.Irrespective of whether creep behaviour was assessed in terms of total deflection, viscous component of deflection, relative creep, creep modulus, or deflection at, or time to failure, significant differences were obtained with variations both in temperature and relative humidity. The effect of temperature, at fixed humidity, was slightly greater between 20°C and 30°C than between 10°C and 20°C, while the effect of humidity was appreciably greater between 65% and 90% rh than between 30% and 65% rh. Fitting of hyperbolic curves to the data permitted the prediction of creep behaviour with a good degree of fit at any combination of temperature and humidity within the experimental range.Differences in response to environmental conditions existed among some of the boards. Thus the ranking order of the materials was slightly different under variable humidity than it was under variable temperature. It was possible to describe these differences in terms of the variation that occurred among the materials in the relative proportion of the elastic, viscoelastic and viscous components of deflection.  相似文献   

Declining abundance of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) documented by herbarium specimens     

Martha A. Case  Kathryn M. Flinn  Ashley Alley  Amy Paxton 《Biological conservation》2007,134(1):22-30

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a native North American forest herb whose roots have been collected for their reputed medicinal properties and exported to international markets for nearly 300 years. Numerous anecdotal reports suggest declining abundance throughout its range, and the species is currently listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. This study examines the putative decline of American ginseng over the last 150 years in 19 US states by using data from herbarium specimens. For successive time intervals, we calculate the numbers of American ginseng specimens in addition to the numbers of specimens of related taxa that are not commercially harvested. The proportions of American ginseng specimens from adjacent time intervals are then examined for significant changes. An additional analysis evaluates the potential for species overrepresentation in the database due to species collection bias. Despite evidence of preferential collection of American ginseng, the proportion of American ginseng specimens declined significantly through time for six northern states. This result is consistent with a long and intense history of harvest, extensive deforestation in northern regions of the United States, and slow regeneration of American ginseng.  相似文献   

The immune response of rats to subcutaneous implantation with Fasciola hepatica.     

J C Anderson  D L Hughes  E Harness 《The British veterinary journal》1975,131(5):509-518

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The effect of age on the natural immunity of cattle to Babesia divergens     

D W Brocklesby  E Harness  S A Sellwood 《Research in veterinary science》1971,12(1):15-17

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Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous selenium in adult llamas     

Waldridge BM  Duran SH  Ravis WR  Paxton R  Herdt TH  Pugh DG 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2004,5(4):272-278

Selenium (Se) deficiency disease has been described in camelids and only clinical data is available for administration of parenteral Se supplements. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic effects of subcutaneous Se injection (0.1 mg/kg) in llamas fed a diet adequate in Se. Absorption of Se was rapid with peak whole blood Se concentration at the first sampling time. Significant differences in whole blood Se concentration from before injection of Se were not found past 2 days after Se injection. Parenteral Se is unlikely to have a long-term effect on whole blood Se concentration in llamas fed adequate dietary Se.  相似文献   

Tail docking in dogs     

Paxton D 《Australian veterinary journal》2003,81(5):259

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Slaughter of animals without prior stunning is unacceptable     

Paxton D 《Australian veterinary journal》2003,81(4):191

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PetPEP questions     

Paxton D 《Australian veterinary journal》2000,78(9):598

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