Tank culture of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares: developing a spawning population for research purposes     

Jeanne B. Wexler  Vernon P. Scholey  Robert J. Olson  Daniel Margulies  Akio Nakazawa  Jenny M. Suter 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2003,220(1-4):327-353

A land-based culture facility for research on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, was developed at the Achotines Laboratory in the Republic of Panama. Six concrete tanks, and seawater and life support systems were built to maintain a yellowfin broodstock. On average, 50% of the yellowfin caught survived capture and handling, and approximately 30% became broodstock in Tank 1 (17 m diameter, 6 m depth) or Tank 2 (8.5 m diameter, 3 m depth). Each fish was tagged with a microchip implant tag, then weighed, measured, and injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) prior to stocking. Daily rations of primarily market squid, Loligo opalescens, and Pacific thread herring, Opisthonema spp., were regulated based on the feeding activity and energy requirements of the fish. Feeding activity of the broodstock decreased when the water temperatures decreased, and the fish ate decreasing daily rations and increasing calories with increasing size. Spawning occurred in both tanks within 6–8 months of capture. Spawning first occurred in Tank 1 when 24 females ranged in size from 6 to 16 kg and 65 to 93 cm fork length (FL). Spawning was intermittent during the first 2 months and occurred near daily thereafter. Tank size appeared to affect survival rates, the types of mortalities that occurred, and the growth of the fish. Survival rates after 1 year in captivity were higher, and the fish were larger, on average, in Tank 1 than in Tank 2. Most of the mortalities in Tank 1 were the result of wall strikes, which occurred more frequently after the fish reached their highest density of 0.64 kg m⁻³ and sizes greater than 96 cm FL and 19 kg. Non-linear growth models were fitted to the initial stocking sizes and final sizes of fish that died or were removed from Tank 1 during 1996–1999. Estimated growth rates in length (11–48 cm year⁻¹) for fish between 51 and 150 cm FL decreased with increasing length. Estimated growth rates in weight ranged from 9 to 19 kg year⁻¹ for fish less than 19 kg and 20–23 kg year⁻¹ for fish greater than 19 kg. The results of this work demonstrate that the stable environment of a land-based culture facility may be the preferred system for long-term maintenance of a yellowfin broodstock.  相似文献   

Biophysical dynamics of western transition zones: a preliminary synthesis     

Donald B. Olson 《Fisheries Oceanography》2001,10(2):133-150

The nature of the western portions of the biogeographic temperate or transition zones in the North Pacific and North Atlantic is reviewed. The physical transport of nutrients and biomass into them from the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream as well as from the poleward sides are estimated. The conclusion is that the upwelling in the two western boundary currents makes the largest contribution to the nutrient and biomass fluxes into these transition zones. A conservative estimate of the amount of upwelled fluid is derived from absolute velocity sections in the Gulf Stream. The estimate suggests that upwelling into the euphotic zone exceeds 2 × 10⁶ m³ s^–1. This implies that upwelling in these western boundary currents matches or exceeds that in eastern boundary currents such as the California Current. The two western boundary regimes have very different poleward situations. The Oyashio extension flows parallel to the Kuroshio and is a deep current. The North Atlantic Shelf Front flow is to the west where it is ultimately entrained into the edge of the Gulf Stream. There does not seem to be any tendency for this to occur in the Kuroshio. Despite these differences in the northern and western boundaries, the two transition zones are similar with large amplitude meanders, anticyclonic rings and streamers dominating their physical structure. The physical features responsible for the transfer of materials from the boundary current extensions into the transition zones are similar in both systems. Ring formation contributes only ? 10% of the transfer, while ring‐induced streamers contribute 30%. The rest of the transport is contributed by branching of the boundary current front. Both currents have well developed secondary fronts consisting of subtropical surface water pulled into the transition zone. Biologically, the upwelling in both western boundary currents leads to a biomass maximum along the boundary in both secondary producers (copepods) and in small pelagic fish. In the Kuroshio, the latter are the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, that spawn in the Kuroshio and then enter the transition zone for the summer and fall months. In the Gulf Stream, the dominate species are menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus and B. smithi. These species make use of the coastal environments of North America and although the adults spawn in the Gulf Stream, they are not thought to play a major role in the Slope Water, transition zone. The similar differences in the use of the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream ecosystems occurs in the behaviour of bluefin tuna, squid and other large pelagics. The Gulf Stream system also lacks an equivalent to Pacific saury, Cololabis saira. The biology therefore is at least subtly different, with saury and sardines being replaced by mid‐water fish in the North Atlantic. A fuller comparison of the biology with quantitative methods in both systems should be encouraged.  相似文献   

Mixing methods – assessment of potential benefits for natural resources planning     

Tanja Myllyviita  Teppo Hujala  Annika Kangas  Kyle Eyvindson  Susanna Sironen  Pekka Leskinen 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(7):20-29

Multi-objective forest planning is a multi-methodological endeavor whose success largely depends on how well the combined use of different methods contributes to the goals of the planning. This review assessed the benefits of mixing methods in natural resources planning. A sample of 30 peer-reviewed research articles was analyzed using an evaluation framework, designed based on democracy and planning theories, and participatory planning literature, including four dimensions: transparency, flexibility, consensus building, and operability. According to analyses, mixing different types (i.e. qualitative and quantitative) of methods generally yields greater benefits than the combination of similar methods. The subsample of 12 planning cases that utilized simulation-optimization software (SOS) appeared operable and moderately transparent, whereas flexibility and consensus building were often lacking. In comparison to the wide scholarly discussion on multi-methodology and mixing methods, it was observed that successful mixing examples in natural resource planning are still scarce and there are weaknesses in bridging the methods together. There is an evident need to pursue and to better communicate the benefits of mixing. Some good mixing examples utilizing SOS provided evidence that forest planning processes would make an excellent venue for studying the benefits and caveats of using mixed methods.  相似文献   

Methodology for recovery and identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli     

I J Mehlman  A C Sanders  N T Simon  J C Olson 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1974,57(1):101-110

  相似文献   

Diagnosis of rabies in western Canada, July 1995 to December 1995.          下载免费PDF全文

J Kush  S Prins    W Olson 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1996,37(4):243

  相似文献   

Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses induced by bovine colostral components     

J K Radosevich  G H Scott  G B Olson 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(4):875-878

Transfer factor-type substances obtained from leukocytic cells and fluid portions of bovine colostrum caused effective passive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses across species barriers. Passive transfer of Brucella abortus sensitivity was obtained with equal regularity when using components derived from peripheral blood and colostrum of dams sensitized at 3 and 9 months of age. Colostral feedings to calves caused the passive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity as early as 2 days after parturition. The findings indicated that colostral components were important in the process of cell-mediated immunity.  相似文献   

A guinea pig model of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.          下载免费PDF全文

D W Morck  J W Costerton  D O Bolingbroke  H Ceri  N D Boyd    M E Olson 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1990,54(1):139-145

The induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) was examined. Specific pathogen free male guinea pigs were anesthetized and a tracheostomy performed to introduce 10(5), 10(4) or 10(3) Pasteurella haemolytica-A1 into the left principal bronchus. The surgical site was closed with tissue adhesive and staples and the animals were monitored for signs of respiratory tract infection. Within 24 hours after inoculation they became depressed, anorectic, pyretic and dyspneic. Fibrinous pleuropneumonia with prominent areas of necrosis and hemorrhage was present. Pericardial effusion was a frequent finding. There was infiltration of the pleura and alveoli with degenerate heterophils and macrophages, a hyperplastic mesothelium and fibrin exudation on the pleura and within alveoli. Hemorrhage, congestion, consolidation, edema and fibrin exudation were prominent in the hilar region of the lungs. Bacterial colonies were evident in all airways. More bacteria were recovered from infected lungs than were inoculated (p less than 0.05) indicating P. haemolytica was actively multiplying in the lungs. Hematological and clinical chemistry data were consistent with fibrinous pneumonia, however, blood cultures were positive for P. haemolytica in 61% (11/18) of animals sampled. Examination of pneumonic pasteurellosis in guinea pigs may be useful in studying pathogenetic and pathological features applicable to bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever pneumonia).  相似文献   

ESLab application to a boreal watershed in southern Finland: preparing for a virtual research environment of ecosystem services     

Maria Holmberg  Anu Akujärvi  Saku Anttila  Lauri Arvola  Irina Bergström  Kristin Böttcher  Xiaoming Feng  Martin Forsius  Inese Huttunen  Markus Huttunen  Yki Laine  Heikki Lehtonen  Jari Liski  Laura Mononen  Katri Rankinen  Anna Repo  Vanamo Piirainen  Pekka Vanhala  Petteri Vihervaara 《Landscape Ecology》2015,30(3):561-577

  相似文献   

Biotransformation and elimination of the herbicide dinitramine in carp     

L E Olson  J L Allen  J W Hogan 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1977,25(3):554-556

  相似文献   

Effects of liming on chemical properties of soil, needle nutrients and growth of Scots pine transplants   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anna Saarsalmi  Pekka TamminenMikko Kukkola  Teuvo Levula 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(2):278-285

The effects of limestone (2.0 and 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹) on chemical properties of soil, nutrient concentrations of needles and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) transplants were investigated on three reforestation areas on infertile acidic sites in southern Finland. The limestone was applied either on the soil surface (unploughed plots) or was mixed into the topsoil (ploughed plots). All the treatments were replicated four times. Surface broadcast of lime elevated the pH in the organic layer and in the 0-10 cm layer of mineral soil. The increase in the pH of the organic layer after 21 years was, on average, 0.7 and 1.1 pH units, with a dose of lime 2 and 4 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. On the ploughed plots, the pH in the uppermost 0-10 cm soil layer was 0.4-0.5 units higher than on the corresponding unlimed plots. Both doses of lime significantly increased the amount of exchangeable Ca and the base saturation (BS) in the topsoil on the ploughed plots, and the amount of exchangeable Ca and Mg, as well as the base saturation (BS) in the organic layer + the 0-10 cm layer of mineral soil on the unploughed plots. Regardless of the techniques used for application of lime, after 21 growing seasons the Ca and Mg concentrations in needles were significantly higher on the limed plots than on the controls. In needles, the Ca/Mn ratio was the best indicator for measuring the response to liming. Only on the unploughed plots did liming increase stand volume and dominant diameter of pines. Intensive disc ploughing produced significantly more stems and increased both stand volume and the dominant height of pines compared to unploughed plots.  相似文献