Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of respiratory tract pathogens from sheep and goats     

Berge AC  Sischo WM  Craigmill AL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(8):1279-1281

OBJECTIVE: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of common respiratory tract pathogens from sheep and goats. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 41 respiratory tract isolates from sheep and 36 isolates from goats. PROCEDURES: Disk diffusion assay was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, florfenicol, and tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of florfenicol for these isolates were determined by use of the microbroth dilution technique. RESULTS: The most common isolates were Pasteurella multocida (n = 28) and Mannheimia haemolytica (39). All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, and florfenicol. Five percent (4/77) of isolates were resistant to tetracycline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens isolated from sheep and goats to commonly used antimicrobial drugs in this study was high. Treatment of these species for bacterial respiratory tract disease is likely not complicated by antimicrobial resistance.  相似文献   

In vitro and in vivo bioactivity of recombinant canine hepatocyte growth factor   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Arends B  Spee B  Hoffmann G  Jansen GE  Slump E  Auriemma E  Ijzer J  Hemrika W  Romijn RA  van der Heijden-Liefkens KH  Sondermeijer PJ  van den Ingh TS  Penning LC  Rothuizen J 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2008,178(1):70-77

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is crucial for the development and regeneration of the liver and offers a possible new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of canine liver disease. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of recombinant canine HGF (rcHGF) produced with a baculoviral expression system in insect cells was measured. In vitro rcHGF induced mitogenesis, motogenesis, and phosphorylated the HGF receptor c-MET and its downstream mediators PKB and ERK1/2 in two canine epithelial cell lines. After a partial hepatectomy (phx) in dogs, rcHGF increased phosphorylation of c-MET, PKB and ERK1/2. A moderate increase was seen with the cell cycle protein PCNA in rcHGF treated livers, but no HGF-induced increase in liver weight was seen 7 days after phx. Furthermore, rcHGF treated livers showed lower levels of the key mediator of apoptosis, caspase-3, at 7days after phx. It is concluded that rcHGF is a biologically active protein in vitro and in vivo and the baculoviral expression system supplies sufficient amounts of rcHGF for future clinical studies in dogs.  相似文献   

Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin from dairy source calves in the central San Joaquin Valley, California (1998-2002)     

Anna Catharina B Berge  Elizabeth Thornburg  John M Adaska  Robert B Moeller  Patricia C Blanchard 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2008,20(4):497-500

The present study describes antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin) in clinical submissions from calves and temporal and farm-type trends in antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates. A total of 300 isolates of S. Dublin were obtained from fecal or internal organs of calves fewer than 120 days of age originating from 84 dairies and 18 calf ranches from July 1998 to December 2002. The isolates were susceptibility tested to a panel of 10 antimicrobials using the disk diffusion assay. Temporal and farm-type trends in individual antimicrobial inhibition zone sizes were assessed and antimicrobial resistance patterns were described using cluster analysis. Isolates obtained from calf ranches compared with dairies exhibited decreased susceptibility to florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and tetracycline. During the years 1998-2002, decreasing susceptibility was seen for ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. There were 20 different antimicrobial resistance patterns in the isolate set, indicating that S. Dublin has the ability to transfer and pick up resistance genes with relative ease. The trends seen in antimicrobial resistance in S. Dublin may likely be linked to antimicrobial drug use in young calves.  相似文献   

DPX-MP062—a potent compound for controlling the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)     

Uwe Pluschkell  A. Rami Horowitz  Phyllis G. Weintraub  Isaac Ishaaya 《Pest management science》1998,54(2):85-90

The effects of DPX-MP062 [methyl 7-chloro-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)carbamoyl] indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4] oxadiazine-4a-carboxylate] a broad-spectrum insecticide with a novel mode of action, on the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, were studied in laboratory experiments. Egg hatch was affected by high concentrations (125 mg AI litre^-1) of DPX-MP062. Larvae that hatched from treated eggs were significantly affected at concentrations of 12·5 mg AI litre^-1 and greater. Larvae were fed castor bean leaves treated with DPX-MP062; 1st-instar larvae were the most susceptible development stage. Pupation and adult formation were determined in assays with 5th-instar larvae. There was strong suppression of adult formation; 65 and 91% at 0·5 and 0·75 mg AI litre^-1, respectively. Highly affected larvae died before pupation; slightly affected ones reached pupation 2–4 days later, were smaller than larvae in the untreated control, and were sometimes unable to develop into normal adults. Comparatively high concentrations (50 and 100 mg AI litre^-1) of the test compound were necessary to affect adults by ingestion, but no effects from contact application could be determined at a concentration of 100 mg AI litre^-1. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Detection of downy and powdery mildew resistance QTL in a ‘Regent’ × ‘RedGlobe’ population     

Carel J. van Heerden  Phyllis Burger  Abraham Vermeulen  Renée Prins 《Euphytica》2014,200(2):281-295

One hundred and eighty six F₁ plants from a ‘Regent’ × ‘RedGlobe’ cross were used to generate a partial linkage map with 139 microsatellite markers spanning all 19 chromosomes. Phenotypic scores for downy mildew, taken over two years, confirmed a major resistance QTL (Rpv3) against downy mildew in the interval VVIN16-cjvh to UDV108 on chromosome 18 of ‘Regent’. This locus explained up to 62 % of the phenotypic variance observed. Additionally a putative minor downy mildew resistance locus was observed on chromosome 1 in one season. A major resistance locus against powdery mildew (Ren3) was also identified on chromosome 15 of ‘Regent’ in the interval UDV116 to VChr15CenGen06. This study established the efficacy of and validated the ‘Regent’-derived downy and powdery mildew major resistance genes/QTL under South African conditions. Closely linked SSR markers for marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding strategies were identified.  相似文献   

Active ingredient contents of ‘me-too’ registered abamectin products and differences in their efficacy onTetranychus cinnabarinus     

Enver Durmusoglu  Nilgun Madanlar  Phyllis G. Weintraub 《Phytoparasitica》2008,36(3):231-241

Many agrochemical companies in Turkey purchase generic active ingredients (a.i.) and, by way of ‘me-too’ registration, sell pesticides under different brand names. Farmers and researchers often claim that these products are ineffective. In order to determine the a.i. content and efficacy of me-too registered abamectin-based products, we studied seven (in 2004) and ten (in 2005) products, which were chosen based on their availability and high market share. Differences in both efficacy and a.i. contents were observed in the products investigated in the study, but making speculative statements that could affect all me-too registered products based on our investigations of only 17 abamectin-based samples is not realistic. Timectin® was found to be statistically less effective onTetranychus cinnabarinus in both laboratory and greenhouse trials than all other tested products. Furthermore, Timectin was determined to have 69.8% less a.i. than in its product specifications. Our findings make it clear that grower complaints about the qualities of agricultural pesticides are based on actual chemical inadequacies of formulated pesticides. Analysis of the a.i. should be carried out as part of regular market inspection in order to determine whether agricultural pesticides comply with their product specifications. In this way growers will be provided with good quality but inexpensive products.  相似文献   

Studien zur Bekämpfung von Phytophthora ramorum an Rhododendron im Rahmen der Entwicklung eines Behandlungskonzeptes für Park- und Gartenanlagen     

Jan Nechwatal  Philipp Haug  Catharina V. Huber  Thomas Jung 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2010,62(2):53-62

In this study dealing with the development of management strategies for P. ramorum in Rhododendron stands several plant protection and fertilizer products were tested for their suitability to control this pathogen on Rhododendron. Tests were conducted on young potted plants and abscised leaves, using the following products: phosphite (Nutri-Phite^® PK), copper hydroxide (Cuprozin^® liquid), Bacillus subtilis (Serenade^®), a mycorrhizal preparation, and a product based on ‘effective microorganisms’ (EMa). Although transmission of the pathogen from infected to healthy plants was successfully inhibited by phosphite, Cu hydroxide and B. subtilis, subsequent tests showed that only phosphite and Cu hydroxide had a significant effect on disease development. All other preparations based on antagonistic or growth promoting microorganisms had no preventive or curative effect. While B. subtilis tended to increase disease symptoms, the remaining products caused a slight reduction of disease severity only. In contrast, phosphite and Cu hydroxide almost completely inhibited infection by P. ramorum. Therefore, in field situations, the use of the ecologically safe, systemic phosphite against P. ramorum in Rhododendron stands appears to be reasonable and advisable. Along with other supporting measures within the framework of a management strategy, this will allow to prevent or slow down further spread of the disease.  相似文献   

Discrepancies in the bilateral intradermal test and serum tests in atopic horses     

Catharina M. M. van Damme  Jan van den Broek  Marianne M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan 《Veterinary dermatology》2020,31(5):390-e104

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Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Catharina J.E. Schulp  Gert-Jan Nabuurs  Peter H. Verburg  Rein W. de Waal 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(3):482

Forest soil organic carbon (SOC) and forest floor carbon (FFC) stocks are highly variable. The sampling effort required to assess SOC and FFC stocks is therefore large, resulting in limited sampling and poor estimates of the size, spatial distribution, and changes in SOC and FFC stocks in many countries. Forest SOC and FFC stocks are influenced by tree species. Therefore, quantification of the effect of tree species on carbon stocks combined with spatial information on tree species distribution could improve insight into the spatial distribution of forest carbon stocks.We present a study on the effect of tree species on FFC and SOC stock for a forest in the Netherlands and evaluate how this information could be used for inventory improvement. We assessed FFC and SOC stocks in stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), oak (Quercus robur) and larch (Larix kaempferi).FFC and SOC stocks differed between a number of species. FFC stocks varied between 11.1 Mg C ha⁻¹ (beech) and 29.6 Mg C ha⁻¹ (larch). SOC stocks varied between 53.3 Mg C ha⁻¹ (beech) and 97.1 Mg C ha⁻¹ (larch). At managed locations, carbon stocks were lower than at unmanaged locations. The Dutch carbon inventory currently overestimates FFC stocks. Differences in carbon stocks between conifer and broadleaf forests were significant enough to consider them relevant for the Dutch system for carbon inventory.  相似文献   

Exposure assessment for terrestrial non-target arthropods     

J. F. Gonzalez-Valero  P. J. Campbell  H. J. Fritsch  R. Grau  K. Romijn 《Journal of pest science》2000,73(6):163-168

Concerns regarding the potential of pesticides to harm terrestrial non-target arthropod populations have led to the increased use of ecotoxicological test systems for terrestrial Non-target Arthropod risk assessment. Whilst some useful guidance on terrestrial invertebrate test systems is available, there are significant gaps in guidance for terrestrial non-target arthropod exposure estimates. The typical exposure in the standard test systems is by application of the test substance at the field rate (i. e. gram substance per hectare field) on to a two dimensional surface. However, under field conditions such a spray deposit will be diluted over the total available 3-Dimensional plant and soil surface. The recommendation is to use published leaf area index and crop interception values to standardize terrestrial dilution factors, which can then be used to predict exposure on a 3-Dimensional plant surface. Based on average crop/time specific LAI data for 26 crops, a surrogate off-crop dilution factor of 12 was calculated which can be used to convert 2-Dimensional spray drift exposure to 3-Dimensional off-crop plant surface exposure. Another significant terrestrial exposure guidance gap is how to calculate predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for multiple application products. Based on spray interval and half-life data from 32 representative multiple application plant protection products, the typical worst-case PECs for accumulation of residues were calculated after up to 8 applications. These data showed that Multiple Application Factors (MAFs = accumulated PEC/initial PEC), increased from 1 to 3.5 after 1 to 8 applications, respectively. Finally, overall 90^th percentile spray deposit values have been proposed for deriving off-crop multiple applications PECs (1 to 8 applications) based on published spray drift data. The recommended equations for terrestrial exposure assessment include the use of:-application rate, the 90^th percentile drift value, the multiple application factors (MAF) and the standard dilution factor (for 3-Dimensional plant surface). This proposed terrestrial non-target arthropod exposure scheme is comparable with other first tier exposure assessment schemes eg aquatic exposure assessment.  相似文献