Histological Appearance of Naturally Occurring Canine Physeal Fractures     

JANNA M. JOHNSON dvm    ANN L. JOHNSON DVM  MS  JO ANN C. EURELL dvm  PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1994,23(2):81-86

The Salter-Harris classification system is widely used to describe the anatomical appearance of and predict the prognosis for physeal fractures in canine clinical patients. Salter and Harris classified experimentally induced physeal fractures on radiographic and histological appearance, however, the good prognosis afforded Salter-Harris type I and II fractures in experimental animals has been questioned for the canine patient. Twelve naturally occurring physeal fractures from five traumatized dogs, who were euthanatized at the request of their owners, and one resected femoral head were examined histologically. Ten of the 13 physeal fractures disrupted the cells in the proliferative zone. The histological appearance of growth plate disruption in the injured animal correlates more closely with the clinical observations of growth retardation than the experimental observation of continued growth after fracture through the hypertrophic zone. The results of this study indicated that considerable damage to the physeal cartilage occurred during the traumatic incident in most of these clinical animal patients.  相似文献   

Immunoglobulin containing cells in the bronchopulmonary system of non-pneumonic and pneumonic calves   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

E M Allan  H M Pirie  I E Selman  A Wiseman 《Research in veterinary science》1979,26(3):349-355

In an examination of the immunoglobulin containing cells in the respiratory mucosa of three-month-old non-pneumonic calves, IgA was found to be the predominant plasma cell type. In calves with cuffing pneumonia there was a marked increase in the plasma cell population in the bronchial wall and IgG1 cells became the major cell type. Similarly in calves with an exudative type of pneumonia IgG1 plasma cells were the significant cell type in the respiratory mucosa but the total number of plasma cells was similar to that found in the non-pneumonic animals. The immunohistochemical results suggest that IgA and, to a lesser extent, IgM are both transported across the mucous membrane via bronchial epithelial secretory cells and submucosal glands.  相似文献   

A scanning electron microscopic study of the equine upper respiratory tract     

M Pirie  H M Pirie  N G Wright 《Equine veterinary journal》1990,22(5):333-337

The surface features of the upper respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of various ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. In the rostral part of the nasal cavity, there was a wide zone of non-ciliated epithelium whereas, caudally, the surface was well ciliated. This latter type of epithelium extended into the nasopharynx and guttural pouches although scattered areas of non-ciliated microvillous cells were also found.  相似文献   

Letter: The use of the term "fog fever"     

I E Selman  A Wiseman  H M Pirie  R G Breeze 《The Veterinary record》1973,93(6):180-182

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Experimental vaccinia infection of cattle: a comparison with other virus infections of cows' teats     

I M Lauder  W B Martin  M Murray  H M Pirie 《The Veterinary record》1971,89(22):571-578

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Fog fever and precipitins to micro-organisms of mouldy hay     

H M Pirie  C O Dawson  R G Breeze  I E Selman  A Wiseman 《Research in veterinary science》1971,12(6):586-588

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Effect of composition and different fractions of hay dust suspension on inflammation in lungs of heaves-affected horses: MMP-9 and MMP-2 as indicators of tissue destruction     

Simonen-Jokinen T  Pirie RS  McGorum BC  Maisi P 《Equine veterinary journal》2005,37(5):412-417

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Airway matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) increase following inhalation of organic dust. The relative contribution of dust components to this elevation is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To identify components of organic dust responsible for elevated MMP levels in equine airways. METHODS: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) from 7 heaves-susceptible horses, collected 6 h following inhalation challenges with saline, 2 different hay dust suspensions (HDS-1 and -2) and soluble and particulate fractions of HDS-1, were analysed for MMP-2 and -9 using SDS-page gelatin zymography. RESULTS: HDS-1 challenge increased BALF proMMP-9 and total MMP-9. HDS-1 fractions, or the particulate fraction with added lipopolysaccharide, increased BALF proMMP-9 and total MMP-9 in combination, but not when inhaled separately. HDS-2 inhalation elevated BALF complex forms, proMMP-9, active MMP-9, total MMP-9 and total MMP-2. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest synergistic action of soluble and particulate organic dust components. The fact that HDS-1 and HDS-2 had different glucan concentrations supports a role for moulds in the activation of MMP-9. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Activation and release of MMPs in response to inhaled moulds are involved in the aetiopathogenesis of heaves. Endotoxin contributes to the synergistic action of the dust components, but the overall MMP response to organic dust inhalation in heaves-susceptible horses largely reflects the mould content of the dust. In the future, inhibition of MMP production and release may offer therapeutic means for treatment and prevention of heaves and recommendations for acceptable dust levels can be given.  相似文献   

Evaluation of cytokine production by equine alveolar macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide, Aspergillus fumigatus, and a suspension of hay dust     

Laan TT  Bull S  Pirie RS  Fink-Gremmels J 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(9):1584-1589

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cytokine production by equine alveolar macrophages after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Aspergillus fumigatus, and hay dust, and determine the effect of clenbuterol on the cytokine response. ANIMALS: 6 horses. PROCEDURE: Alveolar macrophages were exposed to PBS solution (negative control), LPS, hyphae and conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), or a suspension of hay dust (HDS) and incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were measured in the supernatant. The procedure was repeated with cells that were concurrently incubated with 0.5 microM clenbuterol. RESULTS: Exposure to HDS and AF significantly increased production of TNF-alpha by equine alveolar macrophages. The increase in TNF-alpha produced in response to HDS and AF was 5 and 7 times as great, respectively, as the increase measured in response to LPS. The concentration of IL-1beta in the supernatant was significantly increased after exposure of cells to AF. Clenbuterol was effective at inhibiting TNF-alpha production by cells exposed to LPS, HDS, or AF. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased production of TNF-alpha and IL-1 indicated that the pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by alveolar macrophages in response to allergens may play a role in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses. Equine alveolar macrophages are not only a primary pulmonary defense mechanism but may also influence the pathogenesis of equine RAO. The beta2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol, a drug that is commonly used for treatment of equine RAO, promotes immediate bronchodilation and may also contribute to downward modulation of the inflammatory response.  相似文献   

Histological assessment of β‐amyloid precursor protein immunolabelled rectal biopsies aids diagnosis of equine grass sickness          下载免费PDF全文

R. C. Jago  S. Scholes  T. S. Mair  G. R. Pearson  R. S. Pirie  I. Handel  E. M. Milne  F. Coyle  B. C. Mcgorum 《Equine veterinary journal》2018,50(1):22-28

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An update on equine post‐operative ileus: Definitions,pathophysiology and management          下载免费PDF全文

Z. M. Lisowski  R. S. Pirie  A. T. Blikslager  D. Lefebvre  D. A. Hume  N. P. H. Hudson 《Equine veterinary journal》2018,50(3):292-303

Post‐operative ileus (POI) is a serious condition which any horse undergoing abdominal surgery is at risk of developing, leading to increased hospitalisation time and resulting costs. Advances in the understanding of the development of equine POI are mainly based on human and rodent literature, where manipulation‐induced inflammation has been identified as a trigger, with activation of resident muscularis externa macrophages playing a crucial role in the pathophysiology. Despite many pharmacological trials in all species, there is no single completely successful treatment for POI, highlighting that the condition is multifactorial in cause and requires a multimodal approach to minimise its incidence.  相似文献