New technologies, marketing strategies and public policy for traditional food crops: Millet in Niger   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tahirou Abdoulaye  John H. Sanders   《Agricultural Systems》2006,90(1-3):272-292

New technology introduction in this semiarid region of the Sahel is hypothesized to be made more difficult by three price problems in the region. First, staple prices collapse annually at harvest. Secondly, there is a between year price collapse in good and very good years due to the inelastic demand for the principal staple, millet, and the large changes in supply from weather and other stochastic factors. Thirdly, government and NGOs intervene in adverse rainfall years to drive down the price increases. Marketing strategies were proposed for the first two price problems and a public policy change for the third. To analyze this question at the firm level a farm programming model was constructed. Based upon surveying in four countries, including Niger, farmers state that they have two primary objectives in agricultural production, first achieving a harvest income target and secondly achieving their family subsistence objective with production and purchases later in the year. Farmers are observed selling their millet at harvest and rebuying millet later in the year. So the first objective takes precedence over the second. A lexicographic utility function was used in which these primary objectives of the farmer are first satisfied and then profits are maximized. According to the model new technology would be introduced even without the marketing strategies. However, the marketing strategies accelerated the technology introduction process and further increased farmers’ incomes. Of the three marketing-policy changes only a change in public policy with a reduction of the price depressing effect (cereal imports or stock releases) substantially increases farmers’ incomes in the adverse years. In developed countries crop insurance and disaster assistance is used to protect farmers in semiarid regions during bad and very bad (disaster) rainfall years. In developing countries finding alternatives to the poverty-nutritional problems of urban residents and poor farmers to substitute for driving down food prices in adverse years could perform the same function as crop insurance in developed countries of facilitating technological introduction by increasing incomes in adverse rainfall years in developed countries.  相似文献   

The distribution of natural and non-crustal ferrimagnetic minerals in soil-sized particulates from the Mediterranean atmosphere     

R. Chester  E. J. Sharples  G. Sanders  F. Oldfield 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,23(1):25-35

Magnetic susceptibility (χ) values have been measured in 38 soil-sized atmospheric particulates from the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding regions, and have been used to assess the factors which control the distribution of ferrimagnetic minerals in the Mediterranean aerosol. Soil-sized components generated from the North African desert belt have χ values in the range ～25 to～65 10^?6 G Oe^?1 cm^?3 g^?1, whereasthoseoriginating in desertslying totheeast of the Mediterranean have higher values which can range up to ～ 200 10^?6 G Oe^?1 cm^?3 g^?1. In addition to natural ferrimagnetic components there is a supply of χ-contributing material to the Mediterranean atmosphere from non-soil sources, which are probably dominated by industrial and domestic combustion processes; values in samples in which the non-soil material is an important source of ferrimagnetic material range up to ?700 10^?6 G Oe^?1 cm^?3 g^?1. The χ values in samples from an cast-west Mediterranean transect vary between 25 to 734 10^?6 G Oe^?1 cm^?3 g^?1. The ferrimagnetic mineral content of the aerosol is controlled by the extent to which the non-soil material is mixed with, and diluted by, crustal components, and there is a general inverse linear trend between the χ values and the concentrations of crustal material in the Mediterranean atmosphere. Over the Mediterranean the large-scale mixing of populations derived from different catchments can mask the relationship between the concentration of a specific component and its distance from a source, and χ values provide a useful indicator for tracking the extent of material transport and for estimating the degree of inter-population mixing in the Mediterranean atmosphere.  相似文献   

Occurrence of resveratrol in edible peanuts   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

Sanders TH  McMichael RW  Hendrix KW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(4):1243-1246

Resveratrol has been associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and reduced cancer risk. This phytoalexin has been reported in a number of plant species, including grapes, and may be one of the compounds responsible for the health benefits of red wine. Analytical methods for measuring resveratrol in wine and peanuts were adapted to isolate, identify, and quantify resveratrol in several cultivars of peanuts. Aqueous ethanol (80% v/v) extracts from peanuts without seed coats were purified over alumina/silica gel columns and analyzed by reversed phase HPLC using a C-18 column. Peanuts from each market type, Virginia, runner, and Spanish, produced in four different locations contained from 0.03 to 0.14 microg of resveratrol/g. Seed coats from runner and Virginia types contained approximately 0.65 microg/g of seed coat, which is equivalent to <0.04 microg/seed. Quantitative analysis of 15 cultivars representing 3 peanut market types, which had been cold stored for up to 3 years, indicated a range of 0.02-1.79 microg/g of peanut compared to 0.6-8.0 microg/mL in red wines.  相似文献   

Expression of Na+,K+-ATPase β subunit isoforms in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)     

C.P. Cutler  I.L. Sanders  G. Cramb 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1997,17(1-6):371-376

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THE PRODUCTION OF BACTERIA-FREE AMOEBIC ABSCESSES IN THE LIVER OF CATS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE AMOEBAE IN VARIOUS MEDIA WITH AND WITHOUT BACTERIA     

Cleveland LR  Sanders EP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1930,72(1858):149-151

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Influence of Water Stress on Grain Yield and Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)     

T. Boutraa  & F. E. Sanders 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2001,187(4):251-257

Lack of water during vegetative and/or reproductive growth stages is one of the most limiting factors for bean growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress applied during two phenological stages (flowering and pod filling) on growth, yield and yield components. Two genotypes of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used in this study, cv. Carioca, an indeterminate Brazilian landrace, and cv. Prince, a determinate cultivar grown in Europe. Carioca appears to be generally stress-tolerant while Prince is intolerant. Plants were grown in large plastic pots covered with a black plastic sheet to protect the soil from rain and evaporation. The water stress treatments were: control (well-watered plants), WSFS (water stress during flowering stage) and WSPFS (water stress during pod-filling stage). Water stress reduced yield and yield components at both flowering and pod-filling stages. The parameters affected were seed weight, number of seeds per plant and number of pods per plant. Number of seeds per pod and seed weight were not affected. No effects of water stress were detected on harvest index. Time to maturity was slightly prolonged, especially for WSFS. Water stress at both stages resulted in lower accumulated water loss compared to the control plants. Water stress during both phenological stages reduced other growth parameters, the number of trifoliate leaves, stem height, number of main branches and number of nodes on the main stem.  相似文献   

Determination of total protein concentration and viscosity of synovial fluid from the tibiotarsal joints of horses.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N L Korenek  F M Andrews  J M Maddux  W L Sanders  D L Faulk 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(5):781-784

Viscosity of synovial fluid (SF) from 29 clinically normal horses was determined by use of a rotational cone and plate microviscosimeter. Total protein concentration in the SF of the 29 horses, as measured with a refractometer, was less than 2.5 g/dl. When the Coomassie brilliant blue test was used to determine total protein concentration in SF for 15 horses, the mean value was 1,088 mg/dl. Viscosity values at 60, 30, 12, 6, 3, and 1.5 revolutions/min (rpm) spindle speed were 4.41 +/- 1.54 centipoise (cp), 5.29 +/- 1.94 cp, 6.76 +/- 2.76 cp, 8.52 +/- 4.27 cp. 10.41 +/- 6.30 cp, and 13.07 +/- 9.05 cp, respectively. Synovial fluid viscosity increased with decreasing rpm and shear rate, but the shape of the curve for each horse fitted the asymptotic curve. The rotational cone and plate microviscosimeter was an accurate instrument in measuring SF viscosity at multiple rpm or shear rates in horses. The values obtained on clinically normal horses in this study will serve as a baseline for comparison in the evaluation of horses with joint disease.  相似文献   

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies to Brucella abortus in bovine milk and serum   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

F C Heck  J D Williams  J Pruett  R Sanders  D L Zink 《American journal of veterinary research》1980,41(12):2082-2084

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was evaluated for the detection of antibodies to Brucella abortus in cows milk. Milk samples from seropositive or -negative cows were sed to determine the distribution of absorbance values to classify milk as ELISA positive or ELISA negative. Brucella abortus was isolated from milk samples from 10 (45%) of the 22 cows whose milk and serum were ELISA positive. The ELISA was evaluated and determined to be an appropriate method for detecting antibodies to B abortus in bovine milk.  相似文献   

Will bluetongue come on the wind to the United Kingdom in 2007?     

Gloster J  Mellor PS  Burgin L  Sanders C  Carpenter S 《The Veterinary record》2007,160(13):422-426

In 2006, over 2000 cases of bluetongue were recorded in northern Europe. The disease, which has been more typically associated with Mediterranean areas, is believed to have become established hundreds of kilometres to the north of its traditional area, probably as a consequence of the hottest summer/autumn period since records began. In this special article, John Gloster and colleagues describe the meteorological conditions surrounding the 2006 outbreak, and investigate the possibility of bluetongue virus (BTV) spreading on the wind to the UK in 2007. For this to happen there would need to be a source of windborne virus, together with a susceptible population of ruminants in the vicinity of the coast. Evidence from outbreaks in the Mediterranean Basin suggests that long-distance transport of BTV-infected vectors has already occurred, at least in that region. The overall likelihood of this occurring in northern Europe depends critically on whether the virus overwinters on the near continent; this will not be known until around May 2007. The 2006 outbreak has highlighted the importance of understanding the impact of climate change on animal disease.  相似文献   

Engineering herbicide tolerance in transgenic plants     

Shah DM  Horsch RB  Klee HJ  Kishore GM  Winter JA  Tumer NE  Hironaka CM  Sanders PR  Gasser CS  Aykent S  Siegel NR  Rogers SG  Fraley RT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4762):478-481

The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate- 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase in higher plants. A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding EPSP synthase was isolated from a complementary DNA library of a glyphosate-tolerant Petunia hybrida cell line (MP4-G) that overproduces the enzyme. This cell line was shown to overproduce EPSP synthase messenger RNA as a result of a 20-fold amplification of the gene. A chimeric EPSP synthase gene was constructed with the use of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter to attain high level expression of EPSP synthase and introduced into petunia cells. Transformed petunia cells as well as regenerated transgenic plants were tolerant to glyphosate.  相似文献