Lower respiratory tract infections in cats: reaching beyond empirical therapy     

Foster SF  Martin P 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2011,13(5):313-332

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in cats can be due to bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. This review details the practical investigation of these infections and highlights specific therapy where possible. The aim is to avoid the all-too-frequent temptation in practice to treat cats with lower respiratory tract signs empirically for feline bronchial disease (FBD)/asthma. This is potentially hazardous as immunosuppressive therapy for FBD/asthma could exacerbate disease due to a LRTI. Empirical treatment of suspected LRTI is also difficult to recommend given the wide range of potential pathogens. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Making a clinical ante-mortem diagnosis of LRTI in a cat can be challenging. Consistent historical, clinical, haematological and radiographic abnormalities are often lacking and findings may be non-specific. Astute clinical acumen, thorough investigation and high quality laboratory analysis are usually required for a diagnosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage, if feasible, and tests for lungworm should be routine in cats with lower respiratory tract signs. Lung fine needle aspiration may be useful in cases of diffuse or nodular pulmonary disease. Histopathology is rarely employed in ante-mortem investigations. EVIDENCE BASE: The authors have reviewed a substantial body of literature to provide information on many of the reported bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral pathogens, including some that occur in Asia. Attention has been given to specific therapy for each pathogen, with evidence-based comments when there is a deviation from routine recommendations.  相似文献   

H3N2亚型犬流感病毒HA1基因的原核表达及抗原性分析     

张敦伟  熊永忠  远立国  贾坤  张桂红  李守军 《中国预防兽医学报》2011,33(2)

为原核表达H3N2亚型犬流感病毒(CIV)HA1蛋白,本研究利用特异性引物扩增CIV H3分离株的HA1基因,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体后进行序列测定。再将其亚克隆于pET-32a(+)中构建重组表达质粒pET-HA1。将该质粒转化于大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE电泳分析,表达的重组蛋白约为58 ku。纯化的HA1蛋白经western blot和Dot-ELISA鉴定表明,表达的重组HA1蛋白可以与H3N2亚型CIV阳性血清发生特异性反应。  相似文献   

Analysis of ethyl carbamate in wines using solid-phase extraction and multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jagerdeo E  Dugar S  Foster GD  Schenck H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(21):5797-5802

The method describes a rapid and accurate procedure for the analysis of ethyl carbamate in wines. The separation of the ethyl carbamate (EC), the target analyte, from alcohol and the sample matrix is a challenge to many analytical chemists. After alcohol removal from the sample, EC was extracted and concentrated by solid-phase extraction. For analysis of EC, large-volume injection on a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet was used followed by multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MDGC/MS) using electron-impact ionization (EI). For quantitation, the ratio of ions produced during EI at m/z 62 (EC) and 64 (isotopically labeled EC) was monitored. The use of solid-phase extraction and MDGC/MS removes the majority of the matrix interference encountered in other methods. A linear dynamic range was established from 0.387 to 1160 ng/mL, with a limit of detection at 0.1 ng/mL and limit of quantitation at 1 ng/mL.  相似文献   

Impact of egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) parasitism on amino acid composition of carrot (Daucus carota L.)     

Nandula VK  Foster JG  Foy CL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(9):3930-3934

The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Total N concentrations, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the tissues, were similar in leaves of nonparasitized and parasitized carrot plants but were lower in parasitized roots than in nonparasitized roots. In both dry and germinated broomrape seeds, N concentrations were lower than or similar to those in broomrape tubercles, shoots, or callus. Individual amino acid concentrations in hydrolysates of leaves of parasitized carrot plants tended to be similar to or greater than those in hydrolysates of nonparasitized carrot plants. Roots of parasitized plants tended to have similar or lower amino acid concentrations than roots of nonparasitized plants. Dry and germinated broomrape seeds had similar amino acid profiles, but individual amino acid concentrations were lower than in the other broomrape tissues examined. The broomrape shoot tended to have lower amino acid concentrations than the tubercle and callus. Free amino acid profiles of leaves and roots of parasitized plants paralleled those of nonparasitized plants, respectively. Individual free amino acids tended to occur at similar or lower levels in dry and germinated broomrape seeds than in the tubercle, shoot, or callus. Free amino acid composition of the broomrape tubercle was similar to that of the parasitized root. Arginine and alanine concentrations in broomrape callus were dramatically higher than those of other amino acids in this or other tissues investigated. These results indicate that changes in the composition of both free and bound amino acids in carrot are associated with broomrape parasitism.  相似文献   

Ion leaching from a sugar maple forest in response to acidic deposition and nitrification   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N. W. Foster  P. W. Hazlett  J. A. Nicolson  I. K. Morrison 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,48(1-2):251-261

Year-to-year variation in acidic deposition within a mature sugar maple-dominated forest and in leaching of ions from the associated podzolic soil were examined at the Turkey Lakes Watershed between 1981 and 1986. Below-canopy inputs to the soil of SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? in throughfall averaged 640 and 295 eq. ha^?1 yr^?1; the corresponding ranges were 493–917 and 261–443 eq. ha^?1 yr^?1. The contribution of atmospheric deposition to SO₄ ^2? NO₃ ^? and Ca²⁺ leaching decreased over the six years. During the study period, the mean annual volume-weighted NO₃ ^? concentration decreased in throughfall and forest-floor percolate and increased in the mineral-soil solution collected below the effective rooting zone. A substantial shift in the balance between SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^?leaching from the mineral soil was observed; leaching of SO₄ ^2?decreased and NO₃ ^? leaching increased with time. Leaching of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from the soil was increased as a result of excess NO₃ ^? production in the soil. The calculated output of NO₃ ^? from the soil, which averaged 1505 eq. ha^?1 yr^?1, considerably exceeded the atmospheric deposition of NO₃ ^?, whereas SO₄ ^2? outputs were only moderately greater than inputs.  相似文献   

Investigations on N-nitrosopyrrolidine in dry-cured bacon     

W Fiddler  J W Pensabene  R A Gates  J M Foster  W J Smith 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1989,72(1):19-22

Dry-cured or "country-style" bacon is a low volume specialty product typically made by small producers whose production practices vary widely. These practices include the direct application of dry-cure formulations containing varying concentrations of salt, sugar, flavoring agents, sodium nitrite, and sometimes sodium nitrate, and the use of lengthy curing and processing times. Because of the possibility of generating higher levels of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) after frying in this product type compared with pump-cured bacon, an investigation was carried out on dry-cured bacon obtained from cooperating state or federally inspected establishments. Three different samples from each of the 16 plants were analyzed. Only one sample from each of 2 different producers exceeded the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) action level of 17 ppb NPYR, indicating that the majority of samples tested were in compliance. A significant correlation (P less than 0.01) was found between residual NaNO2 prior to frying and NPYR after frying. The elimination of added nitrate in the dry-cure formulations is recommended.  相似文献   

Incorporating LASSO effects into a mixed model for quantitative trait loci detection     

Scott D. Foster  Arūnas P. Verbyla  Wayne S. Pitchford 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2007,12(2):300-314

The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) can be viewed as a subset selection problem. In a simulation study the least absolute selection and shrinkage operator (LASSO) is shown to be a useful and powerful tool for QTL identification. LASSO effects are embedded into a mixed model allowing simultaneous modeling of genetic and experimental effects. This provides the flexibility to model the experiment in conjunction with the power of LASSO QTL identification. Estimation is performed using an approximation to the restricted likelihood and modified Gaussian elimination. The extended mixed model is used to analyze a cattle gene mapping dataset.  相似文献   

Optimization of chick embryotoxicity bioassay for testing toxicity potential of fungal metabolites     

D B Prelusky  R M Hamilton  B C Foster  H L Trenholm  B K Thompson 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1987,70(6):1049-1055

The optimization of a simple, sensitive procedure using a chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST) bioassay for detection of toxic compounds is presented. Dosing protocols of eggs, using several mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin) and appropriate controls, were evaluated for embryonic sensitivity, overall practicality of the procedure, and consistency of results. It was found that both type of carrier solvent and volume injected could significantly affect overall embryonic mortality. The chick embryo was most sensitive to the effects of toxins and solvents after 1 or 2 days of incubation; a rapid decrease in response was observed as the age of the embryo at dosing increased. Following administration of the toxins just below the shell membrane by way of a small hole (less than 0.5 mm diameter) punched in the shell, a good dose-response (% mortality) could be obtained regardless of the site of injection (except directly into the yolk), although dosing via the air sac position resulted in a slightly better statistical outcome. Although some variations in calculated LD50 values were found among repeated assays, statistical analyses showed that the differences were not due to dosing protocol but to the variations in embryo sensitivities among batches of eggs. Thus, if standard reference toxins for comparison are run concurrently, the CHEST assay can prove to be a very satisfactory model, as well as having considerable flexibility to be adapted to the needs and resources of many laboratories.  相似文献   

David Russell Mant     

RA Swan 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(5):200-200

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Fenthion poisoning of native birds in southern Queensland     

RA McKENZIE  AEL LANHAM  JD TAYLOR  JA GIBSON  RJ PIERCE 《Australian veterinary journal》1996,74(4):321-323

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