显花植物在提高节肢动物天敌控制害虫中的生态功能     

朱平阳  吕仲贤  Geoff Gurr  郑许松  Donna Read  杨亚军  徐红星 《中国生物防治》2012,28(4):583-588

由于农业集约化生产引起的非作物生境减少和农业化学品的过量使用减弱了农田生态系统中害虫天敌的自然控制作用。合理而有效地利用显花植物可以为害虫天敌提供食物来源和庇护场所,从而能有效地提高天敌对害虫的自然控制能力、减少化学农药的使用量。本文综述了显花植物对天敌种群的促进作用及其在果园、蔬菜和粮食作物等害虫防治中应用的最新进展,同时对进一步利用显花植物提高农业生态系统稳定性的发展方向进行了讨论。  相似文献   

Feasibility of infrared spectroscopy with pattern recognition techniques to identify a subpopulation of mares at risk of producing foals diagnosed with failure of transfer of passive immunity     

CB Riley  JT McClure  S Low‐Ying  BK Dolenko  RL Somorjai  RA Shaw 《Australian veterinary journal》2012,90(10):387-391

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Association between findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images and detection of a fracture in the proximal sesamoid bones of forelimbs obtained from cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds     

Anthenill LA  Stover SM  Gardner IA  Hill AE  Lee CM  Anderson ML  Barr BC  Read DH  Johnson BJ  Woods LW  Daft BM  Kinde H  Moore JD  Farman CA  Odani JS  Pesavento PA  Uzal FA  Case JT  Ardans AA 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(5):858-868

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution for limbs and bones in horses with fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and relationships with findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images. SAMPLE POPULATION: Proximal sesamoid bones obtained from both forelimbs of cadavers of 328 racing Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Osteophytes; large vascular channels; and fracture location, orientation, configuration, and margin distinctness were categorized by use of high-detail contact palmarodorsal radiographs. Distributions of findings were determined. Relationships between radiographic findings and fracture characteristics were examined by use of chi2 and logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: Fractures were detected in 136 (41.5%) horses. Biaxial fractures were evident in 109 (80%) horses with a fracture. Osteophytes and large vascular channels were evident in 266 (81%) and 325 (99%) horses, respectively. Medial bones typically had complete transverse or split transverse simple fractures, indistinct fracture margins, > 1 vascular channel that was > 1 mm in width, and osteophytes in abaxial wing and basilar middle or basilar abaxial locations. Lateral bones typically had an oblique fracture and distinct fracture margins. Odds of proximal sesamoid bone fracture were approximately 2 to 5 times higher in bones without radiographic evidence of osteophytes or large vascular channels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Biaxial fractures of proximal sesamoid bones were common in cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds. Differences between medial and lateral bones for characteristics associated with fracture may relate to differences in fracture pathogeneses for these bones. Osteophytes and vascular channels were common findings; however, fractures were less likely to occur in bones with these features.  相似文献   

Effects of ketamine, diazepam, and their combination on intraocular pressures in clinically normal dogs     

Hofmeister EH  Mosunic CB  Torres BT  Ralph AG  Moore PA  Read MR 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(7):1136-1139

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of ketamine, diazepam, and the combination of ketamine and diazepam on intraocular pressures (IOPs) in clinically normal dogs in which premedication was not administered. ANIMALS: 50 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 groups. Dogs received ketamine alone (5 mg/kg [KET5] or 10 mg/kg [KET10], IV), ketamine (10 mg/kg) with diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, IV; KETVAL), diazepam alone (0.5 mg/kg, IV; VAL), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.1 mL/kg, IV; SAL). Intraocular pressures were measured immediately before and after injection and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after injection. RESULTS: IOP was increased over baseline values immediately after injection and at 5 and 10 minutes in the KET5 group and immediately after injection in the KETVAL group. Compared with the SAL group, the mean change in IOP was greater immediately after injection and at 5 and 10 minutes in the KET5 group. The mean IOP increased to 5.7, 3.2, 3.1, 0.8, and 0.8 mm Hg over mean baseline values in the KET5, KET10, KETVAL, SAL, and VAL groups, respectively. All dogs in the KET5 and most dogs in the KETVAL and KET10 groups had an overall increase in IOP over baseline values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with baseline values and values obtained from dogs in the SAL group, ketamine administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg, IV, caused a significant and clinically important increase in IOP in dogs in which premedication was not administered. Ketamine should not be used in dogs with corneal trauma or glaucoma or in those undergoing intraocular surgery.  相似文献   

The process of systematic review and its application in agri-food public-health     

Sargeant JM  Rajic A  Read S  Ohlsson A 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2006,75(3-4):141-151

Foodborne illness is an important public-health concern. Livestock operations represent the original source of many foodborne pathogens. Policy- and decision-makers in the area of agri-food public-health need dependable information on interventions to reduce foodborne diseases. While individual studies might be weak or reach contradictory conclusions, the body of information contained in all studies might reveal a clearer picture of the state of knowledge. A formal process has been developed for conducting systematic reviews of the human healthcare literature. Systematic reviews differ from traditional narrative reviews in that systematic reviews follow a structured research protocol to reduce sources of bias at all stages of the review. This includes the objective, the literature search, the identification of relevant literature, quality assessment of relevant studies, summarization or statistical analysis of data, and conclusions. To date, systematic reviews have not been widely used in agri-food public-health. Existing systematic reviews on agri-food public-health topics revealed a scarcity of rigorously conducted intervention research, indicating a need for additional high quality primary studies. The specific protocols used to conduct systematic reviews in agri-food public-health need to accommodate the use of challenge studies and observational studies, the lack of randomized controlled trials, and the clustering of animal populations.  相似文献   

Clinical observations surrounding an increased incidence of postanesthetic myopathy in halothane-anesthetized horses     

Duke T  Filzek U  Read MR  Read EK  Ferguson JG 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2006,33(2):122-127

BACKGROUND: During an 8-year period of clinic improvements, an increased incidence of postanesthetic myopathy (PAM) was observed in horses undergoing anesthesia. A request was made for an independent anesthesiologist to examine possible reasons for this increase. Routine methods used for anesthesia were then compared with new methods introduced by the anesthesiologist. OBSERVATIONS: Investigative observations were conducted from October 1999 to April 2000. Following premedication with xylazine or detomidine, anesthesia was induced with diazepam or guiaifenesin followed by ketamine. Maintenance of anesthesia was with halothane/O(2) with mechanical ventilation. Information was gathered from observing routine anesthetics. Seventeen horses were designated group A (October-December 1999) for which hypotension was defined as mean arterial pressure (MAP) <60 mmHg and managed using low-volume crystalloid fluid therapy, etilefrine, or dopamine. In the next 18 horses (group B), hypotension was redefined as MAP <70 mmHg, and was managed using high-volume fluid therapy and dobutamine (January-April 2000). No other changes were made. In both groups, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations were measured before induction, 1 and 25 hours after standing. Occurrence of PAM was defined as CK and/or AST concentrations above 1000 IU L(-1) and analyzed with Fisher's exact test between groups. Muscle enzymes increased in five horses in group A (two with clinical signs) and in one horse in group B (difference between groups: p = 0.088). CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining MAP >70 mmHg with high-volume fluid therapy and dobutamine may help to reduce the severity of myopathy.  相似文献   

Foliar temperature tolerance of temperate and tropical evergreen rain forest trees of Australia     

Cunningham SC  Read J 《Tree physiology》2006,26(11):1435-1443

Australian rain forests extend from tropical climates in the north to temperate climates in the south, providing an opportunity to investigate physiological responses to temperature of both temperate and tropical species within the same forest type. Eight, rain forest canopy tree species were selected to cover the 33 degrees latitudinal range of rain forests in eastern Australia. Temperature tolerance was measured in 6-year-old plants grown in a common environment, by exposing leaves to a series of high temperatures during late summer and a series of freezing temperatures during midwinter. Damage was evaluated based on chlorophyll fluorescence measurements made 2 h after exposure and by visual assessment of leaf damage made a week after exposure. Leaves of the tropical species were more heat tolerant and less frost tolerant than leaves of the temperate species, which is consistent with their climate distributions. In contrast, the temperature tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus was unrelated to climate in a species' native habitat. However, the tropical species underwent significant photoinhibition during winter. All species maintained the integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus and avoided tissue damage over a similar span of temperatures (about 60 degrees C), reflecting the similar annual temperature ranges in Australia's temperate and tropical rain forests. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and visual assessment of leaf damage provided different estimates of the absolute and relative temperature tolerances of the species, thus emphasizing the importance of a direct assessment of tissue damage for determining a species' temperature tolerance.  相似文献   

Potential limits to anthropogenic mortality for harbour porpoises in the Baltic region     

P. Berggren  P.R. WadeJ. Carlström  A.J. Read 《Biological conservation》2002,103(3):313-322

We estimated potential limits to anthropogenic mortality for harbour porpoises in the Baltic region (the Skagerrak, Kattegat, Great Belt and Little Belt Seas, the Kiel and Mecklenburg Bights, and the Baltic Sea) using conservation objectives set by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans in the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS). Mortality limits (ML) were calculated as the product of: a minimum estimate of abundance, one-half the maximum rate of increase and an uncertainty factor. Previous models show that if anthropogenic mortality is less than ML, a depleted population should recover to more than 80% of carrying capacity, meeting the conservation objectives of ASCOBANS. Minimum estimates of by-catches exceed ML for the population structure hypothesis tested, indicating that these catches will impede recovery. The same result was also evident for other hypothetical population structures. We conclude that immediate management actions are necessary to reduce the magnitude of by-catches to meet the conservation objectives of ASCOBANS.  相似文献   

Cumulative estimates of sea turtle bycatch and mortality in USA fisheries between 1990 and 2007     

Elena M. Finkbeiner  Bryan P. Wallace  Jeffrey E. Moore  Rebecca L. Lewison  Larry B. Crowder  Andrew J. Read 《Biological conservation》2011,144(11):2719-2727

Sea turtles interact with a variety of fishing gears across their broad geographic distributions and ontogenetic habitat shifts. Cumulative assessments of multi-gear bycatch impacts on sea turtle populations are critical for coherent fisheries bycatch management, but such estimates are difficult to achieve, due to low fisheries observer effort, and a single-species, single-fishery management focus. We compiled the first cumulative estimates of sea turtle bycatch across fisheries of the United States between 1990 and 2007, before and after implementation of fisheries-specific bycatch mitigation measures. An annual mean of 346,500 turtle interactions was estimated to result in 71,000 annual deaths prior to establishment of bycatch mitigation measures in US fisheries. Current bycatch estimates (since implementation of mitigation measures) are ∼60% lower (137,800 interactions) and mortality estimates are ∼94% lower (4600 deaths) than pre-regulation estimates. The Southeast/Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Trawl fishery accounts for the overwhelming majority of sea turtle bycatch (up to 98%) in US fisheries, but estimates of bycatch in this fishery are fraught with high uncertainty due to lack of observer coverage. Our estimates represent minimum annual interactions and mortality because our methods were conservative and we could not analyze unobserved fisheries potentially interacting with sea turtles. Although considerable progress has been made in reducing sea turtle bycatch in US fisheries, management still needs improvement. We suggest that sea turtle bycatch limits be set across US fisheries, using an approach similar to the Potential Biological Removal algorithm mandated by the Marine Mammal Protection Act.  相似文献   

Vascular foramina of the metacarpophalangeal sesamoid bones of Greyhounds and their relationship to sesamoid disease     

Daniel A  Read RA  Cake MA 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(6):716-721

OBJECTIVE: To apply a novel technique and use the number and size (diameter and mean area) of vascular foramina to estimate potential blood supply in the metacarpophalangeal bones of dogs. ANIMALS: 28 Greyhounds. PROCEDURES: The forelimb sesamoid bones of 23 dogs were obtained after dogs were euthanized. Bones were isolated and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The number, diameter, and area of vascular foramina were determined by image analysis. Arterial distribution was assessed by use of resin injection in the sesamoid bones of 5 additional dogs. RESULTS: Sesamoids 2 and 7 had significantly fewer foramina (mean +/- SE, 38.9+/-2.5) and lower total foramen area (0.55+/-0.04 mm(2)), compared with values for other sesamoids (70.4+/-3.3 foramina and 1.43+/-0.06 mm(2), respectively). Mean area and diameter of foramina of sesamoids 2 and 7 were also smaller in some regions. Comparison of the foramen distribution in dogs with sesamoid disease and clinically normal dogs revealed that for sesamoids 2 and 7, intact sesamoids from dogs with sesamoid disease had a significantly lower total foramen area (20 sesamoids from 9 dogs, 0.45+/-0.04 mm(2)), compared with sesamoids in clinically normal dogs (59 sesamoids from 14 dogs, 0.58+/-0.03 mm(2)). However, for sesamoids other than 2 and 7, dogs with sesamoid disease had a significantly greater foramen area. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The restriction of vascular foramina in sesamoids 2 and 7 appeared to mirror the disease distribution and disease risk for specific dogs.  相似文献