Elevating glucose and insulin secretion by carbohydrate formulation diets in late lactation to improve post‐weaning fertility in primiparous sows          下载免费PDF全文

TY Chen  D Lines  C Dickson  C Go  RN Kirkwood  P Langendijk 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(5):813-818

Primiparous (P1) sows commonly lose excessive body reserves to meet energy requirements for maintenance and milk production during lactation, and consequently, post‐weaning reproductive performance may be compromised. The present studies determined whether ad libitum feeding a glucogenic carbohydrate diet (CHO) during late lactation could stimulate insulin and glucose secretion (experiment 1) and improve subsequent litter size (experiment 2). For experiment 1, 15 P1 sows, and for experiment 2, 99 P1 sows (198.5 ± 2.7 kg) were allocated randomly according to suckled litter size (≥10 piglets), either to a CHO diet (14.3 MJ DE/kg, 19.8% crude protein) or a standard lactation diet (control; 14.2 DE MJ/kg, 19.5% crude protein) at 8 days before weaning. The CHO diet aimed to provide glucogenic content (extruded wheat, dextrose and sugar) as energy sources instead of fat sources without changing total dietary energy. Pre‐prandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not influenced by treatments. However, post‐prandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and their peaks were both higher (p < .05) compared to the control treatment. Body weight loss during lactation was relatively low at 3%–4% for both treatments and did not differ between control and CHO treatments (?7.6 ± 1.6 vs ?5.4 ± 1.2 kg; p > .05). Second litter size was not influenced by diet (p > .05), but the weaning‐to‐mating interval was shorter in CHO sows (p < .05). This study demonstrates that providing an enriched CHO diet in late lactation did influence post‐weaning follicle growth but did not improve subsequent litter size. This may be due to the primiparous sows in this study not experiencing severe negative energy balance and there was no second litter syndrome in this farm which limited the ability of diet to improve sow fertility.  相似文献   

Spatial patterns of spear rot in oil palm plantations in Surinam   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Van de Lande  & Zadoks 《Plant pathology》1999,48(2):189-201

As the aetiology of spear rot of oil palm is unknown, indirect methods were applied to study its putative infectiousness by analysing data from commercial oil palm plantations in Surinam. Geostatistics and gradient analysis were used to examine the spatial variation of spear rot disease in 13 blocks at two plantations. In two blocks, which had low spear rot incidence initially, the variogram indicated that affected trees were not spatially related, suggesting that infection came from various distant sources. Later, the semivariances in one of these two blocks and in seven others, calculated for successive dates, showed a linear increase with distance. The variograms for four blocks showed a nonlinear increase in variance. Over the years, the variograms suggested that the variation in spear rot was anisotropic, with more spatial dependence in a westerly direction. Classical analysis of disease gradients over time confirmed that there was a preferential direction of disease spread. The data are compatible with the following hypotheses: (1) spear rot is an infectious disease; (2) the causal agent of spear rot is vector-borne, the vector being displaceable by wind; and (3) spear rot appears in two distinct phases, phase 1 being characterized by few randomly scattered trees, phase 2 by focal spread of disease starting from such scattered trees. The trigger of the change from phase 1 to phase 2 remains unknown.  相似文献   

Genomic comparison of virulent and non‐virulent Streptococcus agalactiae in fish          下载免费PDF全文

C M J Delannoy  R N Zadoks  M Crumlish  D Rodgers  F A Lainson  H W Ferguson  J Turnbull  M C Fontaine 《Journal of fish diseases》2016,39(1):13-29

Streptococcus agalactiae infections in fish are predominantly caused by beta‐haemolytic strains of clonal complex (CC) 7, notably its namesake sequence type (ST) 7, or by non‐haemolytic strains of CC552, including the globally distributed ST260. In contrast, CC23, including its namesake ST23, has been associated with a wide homeothermic and poikilothermic host range, but never with fish. The aim of this study was to determine whether ST23 is virulent in fish and to identify genomic markers of fish adaptation of S. agalactiae. Intraperitoneal challenge of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), showed that ST260 is lethal at doses down to 10² cfu per fish, whereas ST23 does not cause disease at 10⁷ cfu per fish. Comparison of the genome sequence of ST260 and ST23 with those of strains derived from fish, cattle and humans revealed the presence of genomic elements that are unique to subpopulations of S. agalactiae that have the ability to infect fish (CC7 and CC552). These loci occurred in clusters exhibiting typical signatures of mobile genetic elements. PCR‐based screening of a collection of isolates from multiple host species confirmed the association of selected genes with fish‐derived strains. Several fish‐associated genes encode proteins that potentially provide fitness in the aquatic environment.  相似文献   

CNS mastitis: nothing to worry about?     

Schukken YH  González RN  Tikofsky LL  Schulte HF  Santisteban CG  Welcome FL  Bennett GJ  Zurakowski MJ  Zadoks RN 《Veterinary microbiology》2009,134(1-2):9-14

In this paper, we analyzed a very large field data set on intramammary infections (IMI) and the associated somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows. The objective of the study was to analyze the impact of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) IMI on cow SCC, both mean and variability, and on the potential of these infections to have a major impact on the bulk milk SCC (BMSCC). Data and milk samples for bacterial culture were collected by Quality Milk Production Services (QMPS) between 1992 and March of 2007. The QMPS program services dairy farms in New York State and other states in the Northeastern USA and operates in conjunction with Cornell University. Only records from cows where SCC and milk production data were available, and where only one organism was isolated from bacterial cultures of milk samples (or where culture was negative) were used for this analysis. A total of 352,614 records from 4200 whole herd mastitis screening sampling qualified for this study. Within herds an average of 15% (S.D. 12%) of cows sampled were infected with CNS, ranging between 0 and 100%. Average within herd prevalence of cows with a CNS IMI and an SCC over 200,000 cells/ml was 2% (S.D. 4%) with a minimum of 0% and a maximum of 50%. Results of linear mixed models showed three distinct populations of IMI statuses: negative cultures with the lowest SCC; CNS and Corynebacterium bovis with a moderate increase in SCC, and Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus showing an important increase in SCC. Surprisingly, milk production was slightly but significantly higher in CNS infected cows compared to culture-negative cows, whereas it was strongly reduced in cows with a major pathogen IMI. The percentage contribution of CNS infections to the BMSCC was 17.9% in herds with a BMSCC less than 200,000 cells/ml. This value decreased to 11.9 and 7.9% in herds with bulk milk SCC between 200,000 and 400,000 and over 400,000 cells/ml, respectively. We concluded that very few herds with milk quality problems would have an important increase in BMSCC that could be mostly attributed to CNS infections. On the other hand, in herds with low BMSCC, CNS infections may be an important contributor to the total number of somatic cells in the bulk milk.  相似文献   

Changing trends in mastitis     

RN Zadoks  JL Fitzpatrick 《Irish veterinary journal》2009,62(Z4):S59

The global dairy industry, the predominant pathogens causing mastitis, our understanding of mastitis pathogens and the host response to intramammary infection are changing rapidly. This paper aims to discuss changes in each of these aspects. Globalisation, energy demands, human population growth and climate change all affect the dairy industry. In many western countries, control programs for contagious mastitis have been in place for decades, resulting in a decrease in occurrence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis and an increase in the relative impact of Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli mastitis. In some countries, Klebsiella spp. or Streptococcus dysgalactiae are appearing as important causes of mastitis. Differences between countries in legislation, veterinary and laboratory services and farmers' management practices affect the distribution and impact of mastitis pathogens. For pathogens that have traditionally been categorised as contagious, strain adaptation to human and bovine hosts has been recognised. For pathogens that are often categorised as environmental, strains causing transient and chronic infections are distinguished. The genetic basis underlying host adaptation and mechanisms of infection is being unravelled. Genomic information on pathogens and their hosts and improved knowledge of the host's innate and acquired immune responses to intramammary infections provide opportunities to expand our understanding of bovine mastitis. These developments will undoubtedly contribute to novel approaches to mastitis diagnostics and control.  相似文献   

Testing a model to track fish migrations in polar regions using pop‐up satellite archival tags     

CEDAR M. CHITTENDEN  BJØRN ÅDLANDSVIK  OLE‐PETTER PEDERSEN  DAVID RIGHTON  AUDUN H. RIKARDSEN 《Fisheries Oceanography》2013,22(1):1-13

The use of pop‐up archival satellite tags (PSATs) to geolocate marine fishes in polar regions is challenging due to the brevity of periods during which there is a defined sunrise and sunset. Models using other environmental parameters are thus required to supplement geolocation data in the estimation of marine migratory routes. The objective of this work was to create a simple method that would estimate the migratory pathways of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in polar regions using temperature and depth recordings. Validated geolocations from PSATs were used to test and constrict the model. The model’s predicted migratory routes were within 100 km of the light‐based geolocations calculated by the tags. By constraining the trajectories through the geolocations, bias was reduced. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that slight alterations of the location and timing of the start and end points did not affect the mean migratory route estimates. This method is a management tool that can determine the primary habitat areas for any surface‐ or bottom‐dwelling marine species – especially in polar regions, where other methods may be impossible.  相似文献   

Cost Effectiveness of Plant Protection on a National Basis¹     

J. C. Zadoks 《EPPO Bulletin》1984,14(3):325-335

The costs of plant protection on a national basis were calculated using the Netherlands, 1978, as an example. A combination of public statistics and enquiry data yielded a value of total costs due to pests and diseases of over one billion (10⁹) guilders, of which 10 % for public expenses, 58 % for private expenses, and 32 % for residual damage. Very preliminary estimates of cost effectiveness in terms of marginal benefit/cost ratios were 16 for « inspection and control >> 90 for « research >> 10 for « teaching >> and about 4 for « private expenses >> and for « overall cost effectiveness >>. Such data have limited meaning when the delay times for various types of crop protection activities are disregarded.  相似文献   

Book Review     

J. Vos  J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1991,97(1):62-64

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The latent period of Septoria nodorum in wheat. 2. The effect of temperature and moisture under field conditions     

B. L. Shearer  J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1974,80(2):48-60

The effects of temperature and moisture (duration of leaf wetness) on the latent period ofSeptoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. in seedlings of Felix wheat were studied in the field. Throughout the autumn 1969 plants were inoculated at regular intervals. For each inoculation day the subsequent latent period was determined. Variation in temperature was caused by the seasonal decrease of temperature. Variation in the duration of leaf wetness was caused by the variability of the weather in general, and by covering and irrigation in special. Within the range of the experiment, an increase of temperature and an increase of the duration of leaf wetness both caused a decrease of the latent period. The magnitude of the effect (up to about 7 days) was approximately the same as in growth chamber experiments. Relations between variables were tested by means of multiple regression equations; the effects of temperature, duration of leaf wetness, and sometimes of their interaction were significant. For the prediction of the latent period, duration of leaf wetness combined with minimum temperature provided the best results.Samenvatting Klimaatkamerstudies met kiemplanten van Felix tarwe enSeptoria nodorum onder constante of constant wisselende omstandigheden toonden aan dat de latente periode vanS. nodorum afhing van de temperatuur en de duur van de bladnatperiode. In een veldproef werd nagegaan of deze relaties ook onder wisselende omstandigheden aantoonbaar waren. Gedurende de herfst 1969 werden in de klimaatkamer opgekweekte kiemplanten geïnoculeerd en buiten uitgepoot. Voor iedere inoculatiedag werd de latente periode bepaald voor elk van drie bladnat-behandelingen. Variatie in de temperatuur werd bereikt door de seizoensmatige daling van de temperatuur gedurende de herfst. Variatie in de duur van de bladnatperiode werd bereikt door de natuurlijke variaties van het weer in het algemeen, en door drie behandelingen in het bijzonder, onbehandeld (normaal), afgeschermd (droog) en beregend (nat).Voor de statistische berekeningen werd gebruik gemaakt van multipele regressie-vergelijkingen met twee onafhankelijke variabelen, hun lineaire en kwadratische effecten en hun lineaire interactie. De multipele correlatiecoëfficienten zijn gegeven in Tabel 2, de partiële regressiecoëfficienten in Tabel 3. Voor een aantal vergelijkingen zijn in Fig. 1 de puntenzwermen gegeven, waarbij per punt een berekende latente periode is vergeleken met de corresponderende waargenomen latente periode. In driedimensionale figuren worden de vergelijkingen weergegeven door gekromde responsie-oppervlakken (Fig. 3 t/m 6). De berekende latente periode is afhankelijk van de bladnatperiode, de temperatuur, en soms van hun interactie. De combinatie van bladnatperiode met minimum-temperatuur geeft het beste resultaat voor de berekening (voorspelling) van de latente periode, binnen de grenzen van de in deze proef gemeten variatiebreedte.Enkele voorbeelden van resultaten zijn als volgt. Een afname van de bladnatperiode van 12 h (van 17 tot 5 h) doet de berekende latente periode toenemen met 4 dagen bij een minimumtemperatuur van 12°C en met 9,5 dagen bij een minimum temperatuur van 5°C. Een afname van de minimum temperatuur van 7°C (van 12 naar 5°C) doet de berekende latente periode toenemen met 2 dagen bij een bladnatperiode van 17 h en met 8,5 dagen bij een bladnatperiode van 5 h. Deze effecten zijn van dezelfde orde van grootte als de effecten waargenomen in klimaatkamerproeven onder constante of constant wisselende omstandigheden.  相似文献   

Teaching botanical epidemiology at the Agricultural University,Wageningen     

J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1974,80(5):154-164

Within the phytopathology curriculum the epidemiology teaching got its own place. A general outline of the curriculum, the prerequisites, and the courses is given, with details on the epidemiological courses. The student's opportunities foi practice and research are indicated. Didactical notes are given. The objectives of epidemiology teaching in Wageningen are stated in terms of the intended terminal behaviour of the phytopatologist specialized in epidemiology.Samenvatting De Wageningse opleiding duurt vijf jaar (Tabel 1). Na een natuurwetenschappelijke propeduese (Tabel 2) kan men zich in het le semester van het 2e jaar richten op de teeltvakken (Tabel 3) en in het 2e semester specialiseren in de planteziektenkunde. In het 3e studiejaar kunnen de studenten hun eigen studiepakketten samenstellen, waarbij o. m. gekozen kan worden uit de onderwijselementen (cursussen) aangeboden door de vakgroep Fytopathologie (Tabel 4). Hetzelfde geldt voor de doctoraalstudie (Tabel 5). Voor sommige onderwijselementen gelden voorvereisten (Tabel 6). De inhoud van de meer epidemiologisch gerichte onderwijselementen wordt aangeduid in de tabellen 7t/m 13. Projectonderwijs bleek mogelijk maar vergde veel docentetijd. Er bestaat gelegenheid tot leeronderzoek en promotieonderzoek in epidemiologisch gerichte onderwerpen binnen de fytopathologie. Appendix 1 vermeldt een aantal didactische gegevens. In appendix 2 worden de doelstellingen van het epidemiologie-onderwijs verwoord in termen van het beoogde eindgedrag van de epidemiologisch gespecialiseerde fytopatholoog.Epidemiological analysis has come to stay. It welds together widely different observations into a coherent whole, and far more than any other way of thinking makes plant pathology a quantitative science. I believe that within a few years it will be taken for granted that it is as essential for a plant pathologist to be trained in epidemiology as it is for him to be taught mycology, virology, or genetics.Revised text of an invitational paper presented at the Symposium on Epidemiology Teaching, during the 2nd International Congress of Plant Pathology, Minneapolis, USA, September, 1973.  相似文献