A case of race differentiation of brown rust on mature plants of wheat     

J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1963,69(2):145-147

Samenvatting Proeven met 2 bruine-roestherkomsten, getoetst op 60 tarwerassen, toonden aan, dat er fysio's bestaan, die alleen met behulp van volwassen planten herkend kunnen worden.Fysio-determinatie met volwassen planten kan geschieden met de fysioveld-methode of met de afgesneden-bladmethode, waarbij in aanmerking genomen moet worden, dat beide methoden hun beperkingen hebben.  相似文献   

Morphology and cytology of the promycelium and the basidiospore of Puccinia horiana     

Dr. R. G. Kapooria  Dr. J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1973,79(6):236-242

Teleutospores ofPuccinia horiana P. Henn. germinate soon after their formation. Promycelia germinating on microscope slides have a tendency to grow in length and become narrow in outline; when germinating in situ, developing promycelia are short and stout, and show a lobed apical cell. The promycelium is usually three-celled, but at times it is one- or two-celled.Two basidiospores are usually produced by each promycelium (observed range one to three). Basidiospores are uni- or binucleate at first, but later become multinucleate. They germinate rapidly on microscope slides and on host leaves, when sufficiently wet. Three different patterns of basidiospore germination were observed.Samenvatting Teleutosporen vanPuccinia horiana P. Henn. kiemen spoedig na hun vorming. Promycelia gekiemd op objectglaasjes zijn langer en smaller dan promycelia gekiemd in situ. Het promycelium is meestal driecellig, soms ook een- of tweecellig. Een promycelium produceert één tot drie, meestal twee basidiosporen. Deze zijn aanvankelijk een- of tweekernig, later meerkernig. Basidiosporen kiemen snel op natte objectglaasjes en bladeren. De basidiosporenkieming kan op drie onderling iets verschillende wijzen verlopen.  相似文献   

On light-sensitivity in germinating uredospores of wheat brown rust     

J. C. Zadoks  L. J. M. Groenewegen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1967,73(3):83-102

Experiments consisted of three phases: spore production, spore storage and spore germination. Throughout the experiments temperature was near-optimal. In each phase various light and humidity treatments were given. The time at which a spore germinated was considered to be a stochastic variable. 3,000 lux inhibits germ tube elongation measurably; 7,600 lux inhibits germination measurably. Spores produced in darkness are more sensitive to light than spores produced in light, independent of the age of the pustules. Hydration of spores during storage increases light-sensitivity during germination. Samples of spores formed in darkness at low humidity are considered to consist of three sub-populations: a light-insensitive one presumably having profited from the foregoing light period, a light-sensitive sub-population and a group of spores which is inert or dead. The light-inhibited spores germinate rapidly after being placed in darkness with a germination rate little affected by the duration of light exposure. After four hours of light-exposure a gradually increasing proportion of the light-inhibited spores is killed, which means that the reversibility of the light-inhibition is limited.  相似文献   

Experimental infection of rabbits with bovine viral diarrhoea virus by a natural route of exposure     

Claudia Bachofen  Dawn M Grant  Kim Willoughby  Ruth N Zadoks  Mark P Dagleish  George C Russell 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1):34

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of cattle that can naturally infect a wide range of even-toed ungulates. Non-bovine hosts may represent reservoirs for the virus that have the potential to hamper BVDV eradication programs usually focused on cattle. Rabbits are very abundant in countries such as the United Kingdom or Australia and are often living on or near livestock pastures. Earlier reports indicated that rabbits can propagate BVDV upon intravenous exposure and that natural infection of rabbits with BVDV may occur but experimental proof of infection of rabbits by a natural route is lacking. Therefore, New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to a Scottish BVDV field strain intravenously, oro-nasally and by contaminating their hay with virus. None of the animals showed any clinical signs. However, the lymphoid organs from animals sacrificed at day five after exposure showed histological changes typical of transient infection with pestivirus. Most organ samples and some buffy coat samples were virus positive at day five but saliva samples remained negative. Development of antibodies was observed in all intravenously challenged animals, in all of the nebulised group and in four of six animals exposed to contaminated hay. To our knowledge this is the first report of BVDV propagation in a species other than ruminants or pigs after exposure to the virus by a natural route. However, to assess the role of rabbits as a potential reservoir for BVDV it remains to be determined whether persistent infection caused by intra-uterine infection is possible and whether BVDV is circulating in wild rabbit populations.  相似文献   

The integrated concept of disease resistance: A new view including horizontal and vertical resistance in plants     

J. E. Parlevliet  J. C. Zadoks 《Euphytica》1977,26(1):5-21

Summary Horizontal, uniform, race-non-specific or stable resistance can be discerned according to Van der Plank, from vertical, differential, race-specific or unstable resistance by a test in which a number of host genotypes (cultivars or clones) are tested against a number of pathogen genetypes traces of isolatest. If the total non-environmental variance in levels of resistance is due to main effects only differences between cultivars and differences between isolates) the resistance and the pathogen many (in the broad sense) are horizontal in nature. Vertical resistance and pathogenicity are characterized by the interaction between host and pathogen showing up as a variance compenent in this test due to interaction between cultivars and isolates.A host and pathogen model was made in which resistance and pathogenicity are governed by live polygenic loci. Within the host the resistance genes show additivity. Two models were investigated in model I resistance and pathogenicity genes operate in an additive way as envisaged by Van der Plank in his horizontal resistance. Model II is characterized by a gene-for-gene action between the polygenes of the host and those of the pathogen.The cultivar isolate test in model I showed only main effect variance. Surprisingly, the variance in model II was also largely due to main effects. The contribution of the interaction to the variance uppeared so small, that it would be difficult to discern it from a normal error variance.So-called horizontal resistance can therefore be explained by a polygenic resistance, where the individual genes are vertical and operating on a gene-for-gene basis with virulence genes in the pathogen. The data reported so far support the idea that model II rather than model I is the realistic one.The two models also revealed that populations with a polygenic resistance based on the gene-for-gene action have an increased level of resistance compared with the addition model, while its stability as far as mutability of the pathogen is concerned, is higher compared to those with an additive gene action. Mathematical studies of Mode too support the gene-for-gene concept.The operation of all resistance and virulence genes in a natural population is therefore seen as one integrated system. All genes for true resistance in the host population, whether they are major or minor genes are considered to interact in a gene-for-gene way with virulence genes either major or minor, in the pathogen population.The models revealed other important aspects. Populations with a polygenic resistance based on a gene-for-gene action have an increased level of resistance compared to populations following the addition model. The stability, as far as mutability of the pathogen is concerned, is higher in the interaction model than in the addition model.The effect of a resistance gene on the level of resistance of the population consists of its effect on a single plant times its gene frequency in the population. Due to the adaptive forces in both the host and the pathogen population and the gene-for-gene nature of the gene action an equilibrium develops that allows all resistance genes to remain effective although their corresponding virulence genes are present. The frequencies of the resistance and virulence genes are such that the effective frequencies of resistance genes tend to be negatively related to the magnitude of the gene effect. This explains why major genes often occur at low frequencies, while minor genes appear to be frequent. It is in this way that the host and the pathogen, both as extremely variable and vigorous populations, can co-exist.Horizontal and vertical resistance as meant by Van der Plank therefore do not represent different kinds of resistances, they represent merely polygenic and oligogenic resistances resp. In both situations the individual host genes interact specifically with virulence genes in the pathogen. Van der Plank's test for horizontal resistance appears to be a simple and sound way to test for polygenic inheritance of resistance.The practical considerations have been discussed. The agro-ecosystems should be made as diverse as possible. Multilines, polygenic resistance, tolerance, gene deployment and other measures should be employed, if possible in combination.  相似文献   

Wilderness Communications   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Gordon H. Worley RN  EMT-P 《The Forestry Chronicle》2011,22(3):262-269

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk samples     

Sampimon OC  Lam TJ  Mevius DJ  Schukken YH  Zadoks RN 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,150(1-2):173-179

The aim of this study was to examine whether antimicrobial resistance profiles of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species isolated from milk of dairy cows differed between bacterial species, and to compare results obtained by phenotypic and genotypic profiling of resistance to penicillin, oxacillin and macrolide-lincosamide (ML) antibiotics. Of 170 CNS isolates, 83 (48.8%) were phenotypically susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, 40.6% expressed resistance to a single compound or a single class of compounds, and 10.6% to multiple drug classes. Nine percent, 68%, 19%, 4% and 1% of isolates were negative for all resistance genes tested by PCR or positive for one, two, three or four resistance genes, respectively. Phenotypic resistance and detection of resistance genes other than blaZ were relatively rare in Staphylococcus chromogenes, which was the most common CNS species (36% of 170 genotypically identified isolates). In Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was the second most common CNS species (14% of isolates), phenotypic penicillin resistance was significantly more common than in other CNS species. Almost half of the S. epidermidis isolates carried multiple resistance genes and 30% carried the methicillin resistance gene mecA. Survival analysis using MIC values showed significant associations between phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles. We conclude that CNS species from bovine milk differ significantly in phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, which has implications for treatment and management decisions.  相似文献   

Arterial Blood Gases in Dogs with Bacterial Pneumonia     

Wayne E. Wingfield MS  DVM  Vicki L. Matteson RN  Timothy Hackett DVM  MS  Ronald Walton DVM  Michael Lagutchik DVM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》1997,7(2):75-78

The purpose of this study is to report the aterial blood gas findings in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Arterial blood gas samples were collected from 62 dogs with culture-confirmed bacterial pneumonia. These results were compared with 46 normal dog arterial blood gas samples. Results demonstrated that respiratory acidosis was not a problem in dogs with pneumonia in this study. Significant evidence of hypoxemia was noted with abnormal mean values in PaO₂ (P<0.001) and the Alveolar-arterial (A-α) gradient (P<0.001).  相似文献   

Powdery mildew on winter wheat in Bulgaria, 1980: Relations between disease incidence,disease severity,and yield     

T. D. Zaharieva  W. A. J. De Milliano  J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1984,90(2):41-54

Mildew epidemics in 1980 on winter wheat cv. Sadovo 1 near Sofia, Bulgaria, were studied in detail. Half of the experimental plots were artificially inoculated, whereas the others were naturally infected. Fungicide treatments on all plots consisted of from nil to three applications of triadimefon. On four days, mildew severity, plant height and the yield components ear length, number of kernels, and grain weight per ear were determined. Mildew incidence showed to be a simple and reliable predictor of yield loss. It is suggested that mildew incidence can be used for decision making in the supervised control of wheat mildew in Bulgaria.Samenvatting Sofia, Bulgarije, in detail bestudeerd. Van 32 veldjes van 1 m² groot, in vier blokken van acht veldjes verdeeld over een groot tarweperceel, werd de helft kunstmatig geïnfecteerd met meeldauw, terwijl de andere helft aan natuurlijke infectie werd blootgesteld. De bespuitingen variëerden van een tot drie bespuitingen met triadimenfon, alsmede een onbespoten controle. Op drie dagen werden aantastingsgraad en incidentie van meeldauw bepaald aan de drie bovenste bladlagen. Een aantal relaties werd berekend tussen incidentie, aantastingsgraad en opbrengstvariabelen (planthoogte, aarlengte, aantal korrels per aar, korrelgewicht per aar). In ontwikkelingsstadium F 10.1 bleek meeldauw-incidentie een eenvoudige en betrouwbare maat te zijn voor toekomstige opbrengstderving. Meeldauw-incidentie kan als maat gebruikt worden bij de geleide bestrijding van meeldauw in Bulgarije, maar er zullen nog veel proeven nodig zijn om dit doel te bereiken.  相似文献   

Borehole Temperatures and a Baseline for 20th-Century Global Warming Estimates     

RN Harris  DS Chapman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5306):1618-1621

Lack of a 19th-century baseline temperature against which 20th-century warming can be referenced constitutes a deficiency in understanding recent climate change. Combination of borehole temperature profiles, which contain a memory of surface temperature changes in previous centuries, with the meteorological archive of surface air temperatures can provide a 19th-century baseline temperature tied to the current observational record. A test case in Utah, where boreholes are interspersed with meteorological stations belonging to the Historical Climatological Network, yields a noise reduction in estimates of 20th-century warming and a baseline temperature that is 0.6° ± 0.1°C below the 1951 to 1970 mean temperature for the region.  相似文献