Blood metabolites and body temperature of single calves between 1 and 4 days of age in a dairy herd in New Zealand     

TJ Diesch  KJ Stafford  RN Ward 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):256-260

AIM: Using specified indices, to determine the nutritional and thermal status of calves between 1 and 4 days of age.

METHODS: After birth, calves (n=106) were collected daily, according to farm practice. Over the following 4 days a jugular blood sample and rectal temperature were taken twice daily before feeding. Plasma concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities were determined. The significance of differences in plasma composition and rectal temperature between calves whose birth had been assisted or unassisted, and between calves with low and high plasma GGT activities 24 h after birth, was determined using repeated measures analysis of varianc

RESULTS: There were no marked differences in plasma metabolite levels or body temperature of assisted and unassisted calves. Calves that had high plasma GGT activities 24 h after birth had higher plasma glucose concentrations over the 4 days than calves that had low plasma GGT activities (p<0.001). Overall, compared to published data on poorly-fed and hypothermic calves, calves in this study were normoglycaemic, their plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations were low and their rectal temperatures were normal, indicating that they were well fed and did not become hypothermic.

CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional and thermal status of at least 90% of the calves was compatible with good health and survival during the first 4 days after birth.  相似文献   

Prevalence of Pasteurella multocida and other respiratory pathogens in the nasal tract of Scottish calves     

Hotchkiss EJ  Dagleish MP  Willoughby K  McKendrick IJ  Finlayson J  Zadoks RN  Newsome E  Brulisauer F  Gunn GJ  Hodgson JC 《The Veterinary record》2010,167(15):555-560

The prevalence of Pasteurella multocida, a cause of bovine respiratory disease, was studied in a random sample of beef suckler and dairy farms throughout Scotland, by means of a cross-sectional survey. A total of 637 calves from 68 farms from six geographical regions of Scotland were sampled between February and June 2008. Deep nasal swabs were taken, and samples that were culture-positive for P multocida were confirmed by PCR. Prevalence of P multocida was 17 per cent (105 of 616 calves); 47 per cent of farms had at least one positive animal. A higher prevalence was detected in dairy calves than beef calves (P=0.04). It was found that P multocida was associated with Mycoplasma-like organisms (P=0.06) and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (BPI-3) (P=0.04), detected by culture and quantitative PCR of nasal swabs, respectively. Detection of P multocida was not associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) or bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Mycoplasma-like organisms, BPI-3, BRSV, BoHV-1 and BVDV were detected in 58, 17, four, 0 and eight calves, on 25, five, two, 0 and five of the 68 farms, respectively.  相似文献   

On the epidemiological evaluation of fungicide action     

J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1977,83(1):417

When plant disease control chemicals are partially effective, an epidemiologic analysis of antifungal action may be needed. The life table method is advocated to this purpose. It permits a complete analysis of a monocyclic experiment, and it predicts the maximum relative growth rate of the fungal population in a polycyclic field situation. The life table method, which also determines age-dependent effects of disease control chemicals, can be adapted for use in computer simulation models of plant disease epidemics. An example of the life table method is given comparing a cultivar of wheat resistant to Puccinia recondita (the ‘treated’) with one susceptible (the ‘untreated’) to brown leaf rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum).  相似文献   

Uredospore production and sporulation period of Puccinia recondita f. sp. triticina on primary leaves of wheat     

Y. R. Mehta  J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1970,76(5):267-276

Uredospore production per day and per sporulation period was measured under near-optimal conditions. Pustule density influenced time and rate of pustule opening, size of pustules, time of maximum sporulation, length of the sporulation period and the time and rate of tissue necrotisation. Within limits total dry weight of spores per leaf per sporulation period was independent of pustule density; it roughly equalled the dry weight of the spore producing leaf. The longest sporulation period observed was 65 days; at low pustule densities secondary pustules replaced exhausted primary pustules. Infectivity of the spores was normal up to 46 days after inoculation. The long sporulation period was epidemiologicaly interpreted as a survival mechanism.  相似文献   

Samenvattingen van de voordrachten,gehouden op de planteziektendagen, 20 en 21 Februari 1964, te wageningen     

H. van Genderen  A. F. H. Besemer  K. Kuiper  G. van Rossem  G. W. Ankersmit  L. E. Van’t Sant  C. F. van de Bund  M. B. Ponsen  R. Wäckers  C. van den Berge  R. Wäckers  H. P. Maas Geesteranus  A. P. Kole  G. A. De Weille  I. Blok  K. Verhoeff  E. Dwarshuis  J. C. Zadoks  B. L. Smit  L. Bravenboer  H. A. van der Aa  W. F. Prud’homme van Reine  M. J. Koopmans  P. M. L. Tammes  M. C. Kerssen  P. Zonderwijk  W. Van Der Zweep  A. Reisler 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1964,70(2):63-71

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The latent period of Septoria nodorum in wheat. 1. The effect of temperature and moisture treatments under controlled conditions     

B. L. Shearer  J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1972,78(6):231-241

The latent period ofS. nodorum (Berk.) Berk. on seedlings of the wheat Felix was determined in growth chambers under various temperature and moisture treatments, with two inoculum densities. In the wet treatment, where the inoculated plants were placed in continuously water-saturated air, the shortest latent period was 6 days at 23°C; in the alternate treatment, where 12 h saturated air alternated with 12 h at 85 to 90% r.h., maturity of pycnidia as indicated by extrusion of pycnidiospores was delayed by 5.6 days. In the dry treatment, continuously at 85 to 90% r.h., no sporulation occurred, though infection had taken place. On the average, sporulation at low inoculum density (5.10⁴ pycnidiospores. ml^–1) was delayed by 2.4 days when compared to sporulation at high inoculum density (5.10⁵ spores.ml^–1). From the data obtained, equations were derived to predict the latent period within the limits of the experiment. Eventually, these equations can be used in a computer simulator.Samenvatting De proeven werden gedaan in klimaatkamers met kiemplanten van het cv. Felix. De onafhankelijke variabelen waren temperatuur, vocht, en inoculumdichtheid. De afhankelijke variabele was de latente periode, dit is de kortst waarneembare periode in dagen vanaf de inoculatie tot de eerste sporulatie van de resulterende pycnidien. Voor de temperaturen zie Tabel 1. De vochtbehandelingen waren droog, nat en afwisselend nat en droog. Op planten van de droge behandeling, met RV van 85 tot 90%, sporuleerde de schimmel niet. Op planten van de natte behandeling, met water verzadigde lucht, sporuleerde de schimmel goed. Op planten met een wissel-behandeling, 's nachts in verzadigde lucht en overdag bij 85 tot 90% RV, sporuleerde de schimmel vertraagd.Bij inoculatie met 5×10⁵ pycnidiosporen.ml^–1 sporuleerde de schimmel eerder dan bij inoculatie met 5×10⁴ sporen.ml^–1. De gesignaleerde verschillen waren systematisch (Fig. 1, 3 en 4) en additief (Tabel 3). Latente periode en temperatuur (van laagste waarde tot optimum) waren omgekeerd evenredig aan elkaar (hyperbolisch verband, Tabel 2, Fig. 1 en 2).Gebruikmakend van de gesignaleerde regelmatigheden, n.l. het hyperbolisch verband tussen latente periode en temperatuur, de systematische verschillen ten gevolge van onderbreking van de natte behandeling en van de verlaging van de inoculumdichtheid, kon met enkele hulpaannamen een wiskundig verband afgeleid worden tussen latente periode, temperatuur, onderbrekingsduur van de natte behandeling en inoculumdichtheid.Dit verband werd in een in FORTRAN geschreven formule vastgelegd. Voor de symbolen zie Tabel 4. De ontwikkelingssnelheid kan worden gedefinieerd als de inverse van de latente periode. De ontwikkelingssnelheid wordt uitgedrukt in eenheden per dag, waarbij de totale ontwikkeling vanaf inoculatie tot en met het eerste sporulerende pycnidium de waarde 1 krijgt. De curve van de ontwikkelingssnelheid tegen de temperatuur (Fig. 5) is een typische optimumcurve.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

J. C. Zadoks  F. Schönbeck  G. H. J. Kema 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1996,102(4):407-409

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Editorial     

J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1991,97(1):2-2

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Verenigingsnieuws     

Dr. J. C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1962,68(5):292-294

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Book review     

J.C. Zadoks 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1997,103(2):195-195

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