Can mosses serve as model organisms for forest research?     

Stefanie J. Müller  Desirée D. Gütle  Jean-Pierre Jacquot  Ralf Reski 《Annals of Forest Science》2016,73(1):135-146

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From biology to management of Savi's pine vole (Microtus savii)          下载免费PDF全文

Elisa Ranchelli  Ralf Barfknecht  Dario Capizzi  Francesco Riga  Valeria Mazza  Filippo Dell'Agnello  Marco Zaccaroni 《Pest management science》2016,72(5):857-863

Savi's pine vole (Microtus savii) is a rodent species of the Cricetidae family, inhabiting southern European agroecosystems. It is considered to be the main cause of rodent‐attributed damage in Italy. To achieve an effective management, detailed knowledge of this species is needed. However, the available information about this species is fragmentary and incomplete. In this paper, the existing knowledge of Savi's pine vole taxonomy, reproduction, population dynamics, habitat and food preferences is reviewed in order to organise available information and identify priority areas of future research. Some of the changes in farming practices that have occurred in recent decades may have increased the impact of Savi's pine vole populations in crop fields. To manage this pest species effectively, an integrated strategy is recommended (involving habitat management, trapping and, when appropriate, the use of rodenticides). The apparent lack of cyclical population outbreaks and the relatively small litter size and long gestation and interpartum period of this species suggest that it could be more manageable than other vole species, while its strict herbivorous diet, stable population size in open habitats and wide distribution seem to indicate it as an ideal model species for risk assessment studies. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Biochar‐compost substrates in short‐rotation coppice: Effects on soil and trees in a three‐year field experiment          下载免费PDF全文

Felix von Glisczynski  Ralf Pude  Wulf Amelung  Alexandra Sandhage‐Hofmann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2016,179(4):574-583

Both biochar and compost may improve carbon sequestration and soil fertility; hence, it has been recommended to use a mixture of both for sustainable land management. Here, we evaluated the effects of biochar–compost substrates on soil properties and plant growth in short rotation coppice plantations (SRC). For this purpose, we planted the tree species poplar, willow, and alder in a no‐till field experiment, each of them amended in triplicate with 0 (= control) or 30 Mg ha^?1 compost or biochar–compost substrates containing 15% vol. (TPS15) and 30% vol. biochar (TPS30). For three years running, we analyzed plant growth as well as soil pH, potential cation exchange capacity (CEC), stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, and plant‐available phosphate and potassium oxide.Biochar‐compost substrates affected most soil properties only in the topsoil and for a limited period of time. The CEC and total stocks of SOC were consistently elevated relative to the control. After three years the C gain of up to 6.4 Mg SOC ha^?1 in the TPS30 plots was lower than the added C amount. Especially in the case of TPS30 treatment, C input was characterized by the greatest losses after application, although the black carbon of the biochar was not degraded in soil. Additionally, tree growth and woody biomass yield did not respond at all to the treatments. Overall, there were few if any indications that biochar–compost substrates improve the performance of SRC under temperate soil and climate conditions. Therefore, the use of biochar for such systems is not recommended.  相似文献   

Rapid quantification of plant-powdery mildew interactions by qPCR and conidiospore counts     

R Weßling  R Panstruga 《Plant methods》2012,8(1):35-11

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The powdery mildew disease represents a valuable patho-system to study the interaction between plant hosts and obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens. Numerous discoveries have been made on the basis of the quantitative evaluation of plant-powdery mildew interactions, especially in the context of hyper-susceptible and/or resistant plant mutants. However, the presently available methods to score the pathogenic success of powdery mildew fungi are laborious and thus not well suited for medium- to high-throughput analysis. RESULTS: Here we present two new protocols that allow the rapid quantitative assessment of powdery mildew disease development. One procedure depends on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based evaluation of fungal biomass, while the other relies on the quantification of fungal conidiospores. We validated both techniques using the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces orontii on a set of hyper-susceptible and resistant Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and found that both cover a wide dynamic range of one to two (qPCR) and four to five (quantification of conidia) orders of magnitude, respectively. The two approaches yield reproducible results and are easy to perform without specialized equipment. CONCLUSIONS: The qPCR and spore count assays rapidly and reproducibly quantify powdery mildew pathogenesis. Our methods are performed at later stages of infection and discern mutant phenotypes accurately. The assays therefore complement currently used procedures of powdery mildew quantification and can overcome some of their limitations. In addition, they can easily be adapted to other plant-powdery mildew patho-systems.  相似文献   

Validation of a new point-of-care assay for determination of β-carotene concentration in bovine whole blood and plasma     

Raila J  Enjalbert F  Mothes R  Hurtienne A  Schweigert FJ 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2012,41(1):119-122

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Higher grain yield and higher grain protein deviation underline the potential of hybrid wheat for a sustainable agriculture          下载免费PDF全文

Patrick Thorwarth  Hans P. Piepho  Yusheng Zhao  Erhard Ebmeyer  Johannes Schacht  Ralf Schachschneider  Ebrahim Kazman  Jochen C. Reif  Tobias Würschum  Carl Friedrich Horst Longin 《Plant Breeding》2018,137(3):326-337

Grain yield and protein content are traits of major importance in wheat breeding, but their combination is challenging due to a tight negative correlation. Protein yield and grain protein deviation have been proposed as selection criteria to simultaneously improve both traits. Sedimentation volume is an indicator of protein quality, which plays an important role for bread‐making quality in wheat. All these traits have been investigated in our study with 135 parental inbred lines, their 1,604 hybrids and 10 commercial check varieties evaluated at five environments. The focus of our study was to investigate the usefulness of the grain protein deviation and to define a bivariate model for calculating the grain protein deviation. Further, we compared line and hybrid wheat for grain yield and quality‐related parameters such as protein content and sedimentation volume. The grain protein deviation determined with a bivariate model delivered robust estimates of variance components and enabled a balanced selection of genotypes with improved protein content and grain yield across different quality classes. Although heterosis for protein content and sedimentation volume was negative, hybrids had a higher grain protein deviation as well as higher grain yield at a given sedimentation volume or a given protein content than line varieties.  相似文献   

On the Chemistry,Toxicology and Genetics of the Cyanobacterial Toxins,Microcystin, Nodularin,Saxitoxin and Cylindrospermopsin     

Leanne Pearson  Troco Mihali  Michelle Moffitt  Ralf Kellmann  Brett Neilan 《Marine drugs》2010,8(5):1650-1680

The cyanobacteria or “blue-green algae”, as they are commonly termed, comprise a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that inhabit a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, and display incredible morphological diversity. Many aquatic, bloom-forming species of cyanobacteria are capable of producing biologically active secondary metabolites, which are highly toxic to humans and other animals. From a toxicological viewpoint, the cyanotoxins span four major classes: the neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and dermatoxins (irritant toxins). However, structurally they are quite diverse. Over the past decade, the biosynthesis pathways of the four major cyanotoxins: microcystin, nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin, have been genetically and biochemically elucidated. This review provides an overview of these biosynthesis pathways and additionally summarizes the chemistry and toxicology of these remarkable secondary metabolites.  相似文献   

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on isolated canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cytokine expression (IL-4, IFN-γ, TGF-β) in healthy and atopic dogs     

Melanie E. Stehle  Matthias Hanczaruk  Susanne C. N. Schwarz  Thomas W. Göbel  Ralf S. Mueller 《Veterinary dermatology》2010,21(1):113-118

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Cutaneous epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma with dissemination to the liver in an eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus)     

Lucia Panakova  Kim Heckers  Monir Majzoub  Ralf S. Mueller 《Veterinary dermatology》2010,21(2):205-208

Cutaneous epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma with liver metastasis was diagnosed in a 10‐year‐old eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Physical findings included intracutaneous swellings, ulcerated plaques and nodules, hypotrichosis and erythema of the skin. Fine needle aspiration from the skin lesions showed a population of large lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, and was helpful in establishing the diagnosis antemortem. The post‐mortem examination revealed epitheliotropic lymphoma with liver metastasis. Immunohistochemistry proved the T‐cell origin both in the liver and skin tumours. Electron microscopy did not reveal any viral particles within the tumour. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of lymphoma described in this species.  相似文献   

Pyrite oxidation in sediment samples from the German open‐cut brown coal mine Zwenkau: mineral formation and dissolution of silicates     

Ralf Balkenhol  Bernard Ludwig  Kristian Ufer  Johannes Jochum  Günther Friedrich 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2001,164(3):283-288

Changes in mineral composition occurring in pyrite‐containing sediments under aerobic conditions are complex and not fully understood. The objective was to study the mineral formation and dissolution of silicates using ion activity product (IAP) calculations and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) on samples of different degrees of pyrite oxidation. Three sediment samples were obtained from the open‐cut brown coal mine of Zwenkau (Saxony, Germany) with low (ZL: 28 g kg^—1), medium (ZM: 67 g kg^—1) and high (ZH: 95 g kg^—1) pyrite contents. These samples were oxidized in the laboratory for 3, 20, 67, and 130 days to obtain four different degrees of pyrite oxidation for each sediment. Sequential batch experiments were carried out for each sediment and oxidation status. Additionally, cation exchange capacities were determined. XRD showed the formation of gypsum (all sediments), jarosite (ZM, ZH), and rozenite (ZH) with increasing pyrite oxidation. IAP calculations suggested an occurrence of gypsum in all samples, of schwertmannite in slightly (ZH) and moderately oxidized (ZM, ZL) samples, and of alunite in a moderately oxidized sample (ZL). The contents of feldspar (ZL), mica/illite (ZL, ZH), and kaolinite (ZH) decreased with increasing pyrite oxidation. The cation exchange capacities of the sediments decreased by 20 (ZH) to 70 mmol_c kg^—1 (ZM). The change in mineral phases with increasing oxidation status of the sediments also changed the activities of Al, Fe, and SO₄ in solution phases. The results obtained in this study suggested the usefulness of predictive models to estimate sediment and water acidification due to pyrite oxidation.  相似文献