Porcine TLR3 characterization and expression in response to influenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica     

Sacco RE  Nicholson TL  Waters TE  Brockmeier SL 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,142(1-2):57-63

We have provided a detailed structural analysis of porcine alveolar macrophage TLR3 extracellular domain (ECD). The porcine TLR3-ECD contains 18 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) consisting of blocks of consensus motifs and non-consensus motifs containing insertions. Excluding the N-terminal and C-terminal LRRs, porcine TLR3 has two LRRs with insertions, resulting in one LRR of 39 amino acids and another LRR of 34 amino acids. Furthermore, we have conducted the first examination of the regulated expression of porcine alveolar macrophage TLR3 during in vivo co-infection with influenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica. There was a bi-phasic upregulation of porcine TLR3 during influenza virus infection (day 1 and day 10 post-infection). Co-infection resulted in an enhanced expression of porcine TLR3 only at day 1 post-infection. Interestingly, B. bronchiseptica induced an upregulation in alveolar macrophage TLR3 expression at day 10 post-infection. Based on our work and that of others, TLR3 likely plays a key role in the immune response of lung cells to influenza virus infection in several mammalian species.  相似文献   

Modelling the impacts of agriculture in mixed-use landscapes: a review and case study involving two species of dabbling ducks     

David J. Lieske  Megan MacIntosh  Lee Millet  Soren Bondrup-Nielsen  J. Bruce Pollard  Glen Parsons  Nic R. McLellan  G. Randy Milton  Frances MacKinnon  Kevin Connor  Lauren K. Banks 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(1):35-57

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Relationships between watershed Stressors and sediment contamination in Chesapeake Bay estuaries     

Randy L. Comeleo  John F. Paul  Peter V. August  Jane Copeland  Carol Baker  Stephen S. Hale  Richard W. Latimer 《Landscape Ecology》1996,11(5):307-319

Three methods for assessing the relationships between estuarine sediment contaminant levels and watershed Stressors for 25 Chesapeake Bay sub-estuaries were compared. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to delineate watersheds for each sub-estuary and analyze land use pattern (area and location of developed, herbaceous and forested land) and point source pollution (annual outflow and contaminant loading) using three landscape analysis methods: (1) a watershed approach using the watershed of the estuary containing the sampling station. (2) a partial watershed approach using the area of the watershed within a 10 km radius of the sampling station and (3) a weighted partial watershed approach where Stressors within the partial watershed were weighted by the inverse of their linear distance from the sampling station. Nine sediment metals, 16 sediment organics and seven metals loading variables were each reduced to one principal component for statistical analyses. Relationships between the first principal components for sediment metals and organics concentrations and watershed stressor variables were analyzed using rank correlation and stepwise multiple regression techniques. For both metals and organics, the watershed method yieldedR ² values considerably lower than the partial and weighted partial watershed analysis methods. Regression models using Stressor data generated by the weighted partial watershed landscape analysis method explained 76% and 47% of the variation in the first principal component for sediment metals and organics concentrations, respectively. Results suggest that the area of developed land located in the watershed within 10 km of the sediment sampling station is a major contributing factor in the sediment concentrations of both metals and organics.  相似文献   

Collaborative scenario modeling reveals potential advantages of blending strategies to achieve conservation goals in a working forest landscape     

Jessica M. Price  Janet Silbernagel  Kristina Nixon  Amanda Swearingen  Randy Swaty  Nicholas Miller 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(5):1093-1115

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Influence of radiographic techniques on the measurement of femoral anteversion angles and a conformation score of pelvic limbs in Labrador retrievers          下载免费PDF全文

Ayman A. Mostafa BVSc  MVSc  PhD  Devin P. Cunningham DVM  Randy J. Boudrieau DVM  DACVS  DECVS  Michael P. Kowaleski DVM  DACVS  Dominique J. Griffon DVM  MS  PhD  DECVS  DACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2018,47(3):421-430

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Effects of branch height on leaf gas exchange,branch hydraulic conductance and branch sap flux in open-grown ponderosa pine     

Hubbard RM  Bond BJ  Senock RS  Ryan MG 《Tree physiology》2002,22(8):575-581

Recent studies have shown that stomata respond to changes in hydraulic conductance of the flow path from soil to leaf. In open-grown tall trees, branches of different heights may have different hydraulic conductances because of differences in path length and growth. We determined if leaf gas exchange, branch sap flux, leaf specific hydraulic conductance, foliar carbon isotope composition (delta13C) and ratios of leaf area to sapwood area within branches were dependent on branch height (10 and 25 m) within the crowns of four open-grown ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) trees. We found no difference in leaf gas exchange or leaf specific hydraulic conductance from soil to leaf between the upper and lower canopy of our study trees. Branch sap flux per unit leaf area and per unit sapwood area did not differ between the 10- and 25-m canopy positions; however, branch sap flux per unit sapwood area at the 25-m position had consistently lower values. Branches at the 25-m canopy position had lower leaf to sapwood area ratios (0.17 m2 cm-2) compared with branches at the 10-m position (0.27 m2 cm-2) (P = 0.03). Leaf specific conductance of branches in the upper crown did not differ from that in the lower crown. Other studies at our site indicate lower hydraulic conductance, sap flux, whole-tree canopy conductance and photosynthesis in old trees compared with young trees. This study suggests that height alone may not explain these differences.  相似文献   

Cortex is driven by weak but synchronously active thalamocortical synapses     

Bruno RM  Sakmann B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5780):1622-1627

Sensory stimuli reach the brain via the thalamocortical projection, a group of axons thought to be among the most powerful in the neocortex. Surprisingly, these axons account for only approximately 15% of synapses onto cortical neurons. The thalamocortical pathway might thus achieve its effectiveness via high-efficacy thalamocortical synapses or via amplification within cortical layer 4. In rat somatosensory cortex, we measured in vivo the excitatory postsynaptic potential evoked by a single synaptic connection and found that thalamocortical synapses have low efficacy. Convergent inputs, however, are both numerous and synchronous, and intracortical amplification is not required. Our results suggest a mechanism of cortical activation by which thalamic input alone can drive cortex.  相似文献   

Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cota D  Proulx K  Smith KA  Kozma SC  Thomas G  Woods SC  Seeley RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5775):927-930

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates cell-cycle progression and growth by sensing changes in energy status. We demonstrated that mTOR signaling plays a role in the brain mechanisms that respond to nutrient availability, regulating energy balance. In the rat, mTOR signaling is controlled by energy status in specific regions of the hypothalamus and colocalizes with neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Central administration of leucine increases hypothalamic mTOR signaling and decreases food intake and body weight. The hormone leptin increases hypothalamic mTOR activity, and the inhibition of mTOR signaling blunts leptin's anorectic effect. Thus, mTOR is a cellular fuel sensor whose hypothalamic activity is directly tied to the regulation of energy intake.  相似文献   

Pulmonary dendritic cells isolated from neonatal and adult ovine lung tissue     

Fach SJ  Brockmeier SL  Hobbs LA  Lehmkuhl HD  Sacco RE 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,112(3-4):171-182

Lung dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) that initiate and modulate the adaptive immune response upon microbial infection within the pulmonary environment. For the first time, neonatal and adult lung DCs in a large animal model were compared in these studies. Here, we isolated and identified lung DCs in both neonatal and adult sheep, a valuable experimental animal utilized in pulmonary studies of naturally occurring respiratory diseases. Neonatal lung DCs exhibited characteristic dendrites and morphology when observed by transmission electron microscopy and expressed low to moderate DEC-205, CD80/86, MHC class II and CD 14. Regardless of age, lung DCs were functionally able to endocytose FITC conjugated ovalbumin but to a lesser degree than monocyte-derived DCs. In addition, neonatal lung DCs were demonstrated to be potent stimulators of allogeneic T cell proliferation. Together, these results demonstrate that neonatal and adult lung DCs are functionally similar. It is apparent from the data presented that neonatal pulmonary DCs do not exhibit an intrinsic functional defect that would impair their ability to take up antigen and stimulate na?ve T cells. These data support growing evidence that neonatal immune responses may differ from adults due to different microenvironmental influences rather than differences in dendritic cell maturation states.  相似文献   

Sarcoma of the proximal portion of the tibia in a dog 5.5 years after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy     

Boudrieau RJ  McCarthy RJ  Sisson RD 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(10):1613-7, 1591

Osseous neoplasia was identified in the proximal portion of the tibia and distal portion of the femur in an 11.75-year-old spayed female German Shepherd Dog. A tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, followed by application of a metal plate, had been performed on the affected limb 5.5 years earlier. Areas of osteolysis and periosteal proliferation were seen radiographically, with an intense area of osteolysis directly beneath the metal plate. Histologically, the tumor was identified as a poorly differentiated sarcoma. Extracellular and intracellular debris was seen histologically, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis confirmed that this debris was metallic. On visual examination, areas of the underside of the metal plate that had been in contact with bone had a dull, roughened appearance, and scanning electron microscopy of these areas revealed multiple corrosion pits. The plate was strongly magnetic, suggesting that it contained ferrite, and metallographic examination of the plate revealed substantial differences in the chemical makeup of various parts of the plate. Microstructure analysis revealed that the plate consisted of an austenite matrix with a large fraction of ferrite. The plate was determined to be a cast 316L stainless steel implant, but it did not meet American Society for Testing Materials standards for implant-grade materials. The possibility that implant corrosion might have played a role in tumor development is of concern; however, a definitive association was not established.  相似文献