Surgery in the rat during electrical analgesia induced by focal brain stimulation   总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25  

D V Reynolds 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,164(878):444-445

Chronic monopolar electrodes were implanted in the region of the midbrain central gray in eight rats. In three rats, continuous 60 cycle-per-second sine-wave stimulation resulted in an electrical analgesia defined by the elimination of responses to aversive stimulation while general motor responsiveness was retained. Exploratory laparotomy was carried out in these animals during continuous brain stimulation without the use of chemical anesthetics. Following surgery, brain stimulation was terminated, and responses to aversive stimuli returned. Electrodes effective in inducing electrical analgesia at the lowest currents were located at the dorsolateral perimeter of the midbrain central gray. It was concluded that focal brain stimulation in this region can induce analgesia in the absence of diffusely applied "whole brain" stimulation.  相似文献   

Atmospheric sulfur: its effect on the chemical weathering of New England     

N M Johnson  R C Reynolds  G E Likens 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,177(48):514-516

The present acidity and sulfur content of the upland streams of New England can be accounted for on the basis of the rainout and washout of sulfuric acid from the atmosphere. In spite of this excess acid flux over the New England landscape, the rate of cationic denudation of upland watersheds is relatively low.  相似文献   

Climate modeling. How accurate are climate simulations?     

Smith TM  Karl TR  Reynolds RW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5567):483-484

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Aerial technology     

Reynolds TS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,264(5160):855-856

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Geochemistry     

Reynolds JH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,203(4384):998-999

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Critical roles for Rac1 and Rac2 GTPases in B cell development and signaling     

Walmsley MJ  Ooi SK  Reynolds LF  Smith SH  Ruf S  Mathiot A  Vanes L  Williams DA  Cancro MP  Tybulewicz VL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5644):459-462

The Rac1 guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) has been implicated in multiple cellular functions, including actin dynamics, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration resulting from signaling by multiple receptors, including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). We used conditional gene targeting to generate mice with specific Rac1 deficiency in the B cell lineage. In the absence of both Rac1 and the highly related Rac2, B cell development was almost completely blocked. Both GTPases were required to transduce BCR signals leading to proliferation, survival and up-regulation of BAFF-R, a receptor for BAFF, a key survival molecule required for B cell development and maintenance.  相似文献   

Recording Uterine Contraction Patterns in Pregnant Women: Application of the Strain Gage in a Multichannel Tokodynamometer     

Reynolds SR  Heard OO  Bruns P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1947,106(2757):427-428

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Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Nitrogen Leaching and Acidity across Four Acid-impacted Regions of the UK     

R. C. Helliwell  J. J. L. Davies  C. D. Evans  A. Jenkins  M. C. Coull  B. Reynolds  D. Norris  R. C. Ferrier 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,185(1-4):3-19

This study examines the seasonal variability in levels of nitrogen (N) leaching and acidity in four acid impacted upland regions of the UK: the South Pennines, Snowdonia, Galloway and the Mourne Mountains. All regions are acidified, with median pH values of <5.5. The South Pennines exhibit excess sulphate concentrations an order of magnitude higher than those for other regions and have the lowest pH values of all the regions. Nitrate concentrations are highest in the South Pennines (seasonal medians 20–26 μeq l^?1) and the Mourne Mountains (seasonal medians 9–26 μeq l^?1). Surface water in the Mourne Mountains is the most highly N impacted in terms of the proportional contribution of N to acidity. All N species exhibit seasonality, with greater retention by catchment soils and vegetation in August. This seasonality is most marked in Snowdonia and least marked in the South Pennines. This implies that the South Pennines have reached an advanced stage of N saturation. Despite the reductions in S deposition, xSO₄ is the dominant anion for all sites in the South Pennine and Snowdonia regions. A strong negative relationship between the contribution of NO₃ to total acidity and DON was observed for all regions except the South Pennines. It is hypothesized that catchments dominated by organic rich soils produced more DON and have an increased capacity to immobilise NO₃. Seasonal nitrogen budgets show that over 60% of the N inputs are retained within catchments, and no site retains all incoming N throughout the year.  相似文献   

The influence of land management on concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and its effects on the mobilization of aluminium and iron in podzol soils in Mid-Wales   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

S. Hughes  B. Reynolds  J.D. Roberts 《Soil Use and Management》1990,6(3):137-145

Abstract. The aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) contents of the soil solution were monitored in two upland grassland and afforested podzol soils in Mid-Wales. Al organo-metallic complexes predominated in the O horizon leachates of the grassland soil, whereas inorganic monomeric Al forms dominated in the lower mineral horizons. Dissolved organic matter determines the chemistry, solubility, and transport of Al and Fe in the O horizon, and these are under strong biological control. The distributions of organic-Al, Fe and DOC within the soil profile were consistent with traditional podzolization theory. Observed increases in the molar ratios of Al:DOC in solution in the lower soil horizons may be responsible for the small solubility of Al organo-metallic complexes in those horizons. Afforestation increased the concentrations of organic-Al and Fe in the soil solution as compared with the concentrations observed for the grassland soil. Clearcutting further significantly mobilized Al and Fe from the upper soil horizon, primarily by increasing the DOC concentration in the soil water.  相似文献   

Effects of treatment and flow on the deoxygenation rate constant     

Yung-Tse Hung  W. Wesley Eckenfelder Jr.  Tom D. Reynolds 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1978,10(2):175-185

The laboratory bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying degrees of waste treatment and the flow conditions in the receiving waters on the deoxygenation rate constant (k), and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (L), and the total O₂ utilisation of the receiving waters. Industrial wastewaters were collected from 10 major industrial plants located along the Houston Ship Channel in Texas. Two different degrees of treatment for industrial wastewaters were studied. Three different flow conditions studied were the high, the average and the low flow in the Houston Ship Channel. The k values increased for both further treatment and decreased flow in the reactor runs. The L values were higher for the average flow conditions than for the low flow conditions. The total O₂ utilization was found to increase with a decrease in the flow of the receiving waters.  相似文献