MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF EXTRA‐OCULAR MUSCLES IN DOGS WITH NO CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF ORBITAL DISEASE     

Stephen Joslyn  Suzanna Richards  Susanne Boroffka  Mark Mitchell  Gawain Hammond  Martin Sullivan 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2014,55(1):63-67

Enhancement of extra‐ocular muscles has been reported in cases of orbital pathology in both veterinary and medical magnetic resonance imaging. We have also observed this finding in the absence of orbital disease. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe extra‐ocular muscle contrast enhancement characteristics in a group of dogs with no known orbital disease. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) from dogs with no clinical evidence of orbital disease and a reportedly normal MRI study were retrieved and reviewed. Contrast enhancement percentages of the medial, lateral, ventral, and dorsal rectus muscles were calculated based on signal‐to‐noise ratios that were in turn determined from hand‐traced regions of interest in precontrast, immediate postcontrast and 10‐min postcontrast scans. Comparison measurements were made in the pterygoid muscle. Contrast enhancement of the extra‐ocular muscles was observed in all patients (median contrast enhancement percentage 45.0%) and was greater than that of pterygoid muscle (median contrast enhancement percentage 22.7%). Enhancement of the extra‐ocular muscles persisted 10 min after contrast administration (median contrast enhancement percentage 43.4%). Findings indicated that MRI contrast enhancement of extra‐ocular muscles is likely normal in dogs.  相似文献   

A Large‐scale,Rapid Public Health Response to Rabies in an Organ Recipient and the Previously Undiagnosed Organ Donor     

R. M. Wallace  D. Stanek  S. Griese  D. Krulak  N. M. Vora  L. Pacha  V. Kan  M. Said  C. Williams  T. H. Burgess  S. S. Clausen  C. Austin  J. Gabel  M. Lehman  L. N. Finelli  G. Selvaggi  P. Joyce  F. Gordin  D. Benator  A. Bettano  S. Cersovsky  C. Blackmore  S. V. Jones  B. D. Buchanan  A. I. Fernandez  D. Dinelli  K. Agnes  A. Clark  J. Gill  M. Irmler  D. Blythe  K. Mitchell  T. J. Whitman  M. J. Zapor  S. Zorich  C. Witkop  P. Jenkins  P. Mora  D. Droller  S. Turner  L. Dunn  P. Williams  C. Richards  G. Ewing  K. Chapman  C. Corbitt  T. Girimont  R. Franka  S. Recuenco  J. D. Blanton  K. A. Feldman 《Zoonoses and public health》2014,61(8):560-570

This article describes and contrasts the public health response to two human rabies cases: one organ recipient diagnosed within days of symptom onset and the transplant donor who was diagnosed 18 months post‐symptom onset. In response to an organ‐transplant‐related rabies case diagnosed in 2013, organ donor and recipient investigations were conducted by multiple public health agencies. Persons with potential exposure to infectious patient materials were assessed for rabies virus exposure. An exposure investigation was conducted to determine the source of the organ donor's infection. Over 100 persons from more than 20 agencies spent over 2700 h conducting contact investigations in healthcare, military and community settings. The 564 persons assessed include 417 healthcare workers [5.8% recommended for post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP)], 96 community contacts (15.6% recommended for PEP), 30 autopsy personnel (50% recommended for PEP), and 21 other persons (4.8% recommended for PEP). Donor contacts represented 188 assessed with 20.2% recommended for PEP, compared with 5.6% of 306 recipient contacts recommended for PEP. Human rabies cases result in substantial use of public health and medical resources, especially when diagnosis is delayed. Although rare, clinicians should consider rabies in cases of encephalitis of unexplained aetiology, particularly for cases that may result in organ donation.  相似文献   

A comparison of the antigenicity of the extracellular products and whole-cell sonicates from Mycobacterium spp. in rabbits, mice and fish by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay     

S.-C. Chen  A. Adams  K.D. Thompson  & R.H. Richards 《Journal of fish diseases》1997,20(6):427-442

The antigenicity of extracellular products (ECPs) derived from Mycobacterium spp. isolated from snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch), and Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens (Regan), were examined by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera collected from immunized rabbits, mice and fish (rainbow trout). All three species responded to a 65-kDa protein present in both the ECPs and whole cell sonicates (WCSs) from a variety of Mycobacterium spp. Cross-reactivity of anti- M. tuberculosis and anti-human heat-shock protein monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and the presence of fibronectin binding proteins secreted into ECPs of mycobacteria were also examined. The MAbs against human 60-kDa heat-shock protein cross- reacted with the band at 65 kDa in the ECPs of TB1 (isolated from snakehead fish) and the type strain M. marinum, while the anti- M. tuberculosis MAb F29–47 elicited a strong reaction with a band at 21 kDa with most of the ECPs from mycobacterial strains examined. The major fibronectin-binding proteins were located between 21 and 25 kDa. The 65-kDa protein from ECPs of Mycobacterium spp. proved strongly immunogenic to rabbits, mice and fish. Rabbit antiserum against the 65-kDa protein from strain TB267 reacted with many non- Mycobacterium WCSs, and therefore, the 65-kDa protein from Mycobacterium spp. is believed to be a common protein found in many fish bacterial pathogens.  相似文献   

Studies on Herpesvirus scophthalmi infection of turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.): Histopathological observations     

R. H. Richards  J. S. Buchanan 《Journal of fish diseases》1978,1(3):251-258

Abstract. The histological features of the disease caused by infection of turbot by Herpesvirus scophthalmi are described. Infection of epidermal cells of skin and gill resulted in the formation of giant cells showing a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic changes associated with the replication of the virus. The effects of the condition together with possible control measures are discussed.  相似文献   

Inoculation of pines with mycorrhizal fungi in natural soils—III: Effect of soil fumigation on rate of infection and response to inoculum density     

R.J. Lamb  B.N. Richards 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1978,10(4):273-276

Pinus radiata seedlings were inoculated with basidiospores of Rhizopogon roseolas and Suillus granulatus, and with chlamylospores of two unidentified but highly effective mycorrhizal fungi in undisturbed cores of natural soil fumigated with methyl bromide. Fumigation stimulated mycorrhizal infection rate and enhanced the response of seedlings to increasing concentrations of both inoculum types, but the effect of chlamydospore inoculum was more favoured by fumigation than that of basidio-spores. Chlamydospore inocula appear more sensitive to competitive and antagonistic soil microorganisms than basidiospores. Soil fumigation appears a necessary adjunct to the use of chlamydospores as inoculants in nurseries and is discussed in relation to nursery culture of pines.  相似文献   

Development and Variation of the Lateral Vertebral Foramen of the Atlas in Dogs     

M. W. Richards  A. G. Watson 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》1991,20(4):363-368

Postnatal development and variation of the bony cranial border of the lateral vertebral foramen (LVF) of the atlas was studied in 96 dogs. Developmental ossification was investigated in 8 known-aged Miniature Schnauzer pups, after each atlas was prepared either as an alizarin-red stained clearing or as a dried cleaned bone. Variation was investigated in 63 atlases from mature dogs and by study of radiographs from 25 mature dogs of various breeds. The soft tissue structures passing through the LVF and attaching to its cranial border were dissected in an additional 2 embalmed and 2 fresh cadavers. In 2-week-old pups, the LVF was represented by a notch in the cranial margin of the bony arch of the atlas, with a cartilage bar completing the foramen cranially. Between 6 and 16 weeks the bar forming the cranial bony border of the LVF ossified in its preexisting cartilage anlage. In mature dogs, the LVF was present in the craniolateral aspect of the arch of the atlas and was recognized on lateral radiographs. The vertebral artery and vein, and first cervical nerve passed through the LVF and the atlantooccipital joint capsule and dorsal membrane attached to the cranial border of the LVF. In one dog the cranial border of the LVF of the atlas was incompletely ossified bilaterally. This developmental variant was compared with variations in man and other mammals, and with proatlas neural arch derivatives.  相似文献   

Effect of high daytime temperatures on the intake and utilisation of water in lactating Friesian cows     

J. I. Richards 《Tropical animal health and production》1985,17(4):209-217

Summary Four primiparous Friesian cows in mid-lactation and housed in climate chambers were simultaneously exposed to three sequential climate treatments: 1, a three-week period in a thermoneutral environment (ambient temperatureT _a 14–21°C and relative humidity r.h. 60–70%); 2, a similar period during which they were exposed toT _a max. 38°C/r.h. max. 80% for up to 7h andT _a 14–21°C/r.h., 60–70% for 17h each day; and 3, a three-week period during which they were subjected once more to the thermoneutral conditions described for 1. Water and a complete feed were constantly available. Compared with water intake (drinking water+feed water) under thermoneutral conditions cows exposed to treatment 2 significantly increased their mean intake by 12.2%; in three cows, this involved a phase-shift of >20% in drinking habits from day (hot) to night (cool) time. Water balance trials conducted at the mid-point of each treatment revealed that the mean losses of water via urine, faeces, milk, sweat and saliva as a percentage of water intake changed significantly resulting in a net gain (retention) of body water. An accompanying significant increase in live weight despite a 9.1% decrease in DM intake during treatment 2 confirmed the water retention results. On return to thermoneutral conditions (3), the cows exhibited a marked weight loss and a significant increase in urinary water excretion over treatment 1 and 2 values, signifying that a large proportion of the water retained during 2 was of extracellular origin. A positive correlation was found between the severity of the clinical and behavioural responses of the individual cows during 2 and their retention of water.

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Resumen Cuatro vacas Friesian primíparas, en la mitad de la lactancia, fueron expuestas en cabinas climáticas a tres tratamientos diferentes consecutivos: I—a un período de tres semanas en un ambiente termoneutro (temperatura ambiente, Ta 14–21°C y humedad relativa HR 60–70%); II—durante período similar, fueron expuestas a una Ta máxima de 38°C/HR máxima de 80% por siete horas y Ta 14–21°C/HR 60–70% por diecisiete horas cada día; y III—durante un período de tres semanas fueron sometidas otra vez a las condiciones termoneutras descritas en el tratamiento I. Agua y un alimento completo estuvieron siempre a disposición. Comparado con el consumo de agua (agua de bebida+agua de alimento) bajo condiciones termoneutrales, las vacas sometidas al tratamiento II incrementaron significativamente su consumo medio en un 12.2%; en tres vacas esto significó un cambio de >20% en hábitos de bebida, del día caluroso a la noche tibia. Los ensayos de balance de agua conducidas en la mitad de cada tratamiento, revelaron que las pérdidas medias de agua via orina, heces, leche, sudor y saliva, como porcentaje del agua ingerida cambió significativamente, resultando en una ganancia neta (retención) de agua corporal. Se observó tambien un incremento significativo en peso vivo de 16.8±7.3 (SE) kg/animal, a pesar de la disminución de 9.1% en la igestión de MS durante el tratamienta II, confirmando así la retención de agua. Bajo condiciones termoneutrales (III), las vacas exhibieron pérdida marcada de peso y un incremento significativo en la exreción de agua, sobre los valores de los tratamientos I y II, indicando así que una proporción alta del agua retenida durante II fue de origen extracelular. Se encontró tambien una correlación positiva entre la severidad de las respuestas clínicas y de conducta de las vacas individuales durante II, con la retención de agua.

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Résumé Quatre vaches frisonnes primipares, à mi-lactation et logées dans des chambres climatisées ont été simultanément exposées à 3 traitements climatiques séquentiels: I. une période de 3 semaines dans un environnement thermique neutre (température ambiante, Ta 14–21°C et humidité relative, HR 60–70 p. 100); II. une période similaire pendant laquelle elles étaient exposées à Ta max. 38°C/HR max. 80 p. 100 pendant sept heures et à Ta 14–21°C/HR 60–70 p. 100 pendant dix sept heures chaque jour; et III une période de 3 semaines pendant laquelle elles étaient de nouveau soumises aux conditions thermiques neutres décrites en I. L'eau et un aliment complet étaient constamment disponibles. Par comparaison avec leur absorption totale d'eau (abreuvement plus eau de constitution des aliments) dans des conditions thermiques neutres, les vaches soumises au traitement II ont augmenté significativement leur absorption moyenne de 12,2 p. 100: chez 3 vaches, ceci a entra?né un décalage dans le temps supérieur à 20 p. 100 de l'absorption diurne (période chaude) à l'absorption nocturne (période fra?che). Des essais d'équilibre hydrique effectués au milieu de chaque traitement ont révélé que les pertes moyennes en eau par les urines, les fèces, le lait, la sueur et la salive, en tant que pourcentage de l'eau absorbée changeait de fa?on significative, ce qui s'est traduit par un gain net (retention) d'eau corporelle. Une augmentation significative concommittante du poids vif de 16,8+7,3 (SE) kg par animal, en dépit d'une diminution de 9,1 p. 100 de l'ingestion de MS pendant le traitement II a confirmé les résultats de rétention d'eau. De retour aux conditions thermiques neutres (III) les vaches ont montré une perte de poids marquée et une augmentation significative de l'excrétion d'eau urinaire, par rapport aux valeurs relevées pendant les traitements I et II, ce que signifie qu'une grande proportion de l'eau retenue au cours du traitement II était d'origine extracellulaire. Une corrélation positive a été observée entre la gravité des réponses cliniques et de comportement des individus en II et leur rétention d'eau.

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Aqueous extracts from some muscles inhibit hemoglobin-mediated oxidation of cod muscle membrane lipids     

Undeland I  Hultin HO  Richards MP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(10):3111-3119

It was evaluated whether trout hemoglobin (Hb)-mediated oxidation of minced washed cod muscle lipids could be prevented by an aqueous isolate from cod and some other muscle sources. Lipid hydroperoxides and painty odor developed approximately 4 days faster in washed than unwashed cod mince. When adding back an aqueous fraction (press juice) isolated from unwashed mince to washed mince at 2-6-fold dilutions, development of hydroperoxides and painty odor was either delayed or completely prevented. The inhibitory substances were heat stable, and their effect was slightly reduced at reduced pH. The <1 kDa fractions of whole and heated press juices were as inhibitory as the unfractionated press juices. Inhibition by the unheated, heated, and ultrafiltered (30 kDa) press juices was lost after dialysis. These findings implied the presence of one or more highly effective aqueous low molecular weight antioxidants in cod muscle press juice. The same antioxidative properties were found in heated haddock, dab, and winter flounder muscle press juices but not in heated herring and chicken muscle press juices. Unheated chicken press juice was however highly inhibitory.  相似文献   

Measuring antioxidant effectiveness in food     

Decker EA  Warner K  Richards MP  Shahidi F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(10):4303-4310

Many new in vitro methods have been developed to evaluate antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, these in vitro methods often correlate poorly with the ability of compounds to inhibit oxidative deterioration of foods because the in vitro assays do not account for factors such as the physical location of the antioxidant, its interaction with other food components, and environmental conditions. To accurately evaluate the potential of antioxidants in foods, models must be developed that have the chemical, physical, and environmental conditions expected in food products. This paper outlines model systems of the evaluation of antioxidants in three types of foods: bulk oil, oil-in-water emulsions, and muscle foods. These model systems are not intended to be inclusive of all possible methods to measure lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity. However, use of these models would allow researchers to more easily compare research results from one paper to another.  相似文献   

Variation in diosgenin levels among 10 accessions of fenugreek seeds produced in western Canada   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Taylor WG  Zulyniak HJ  Richards KW  Acharya SN  Bittman S  Elder JL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(21):5994-5997

A collection of 10 accessions of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), an annual legume, was grown during two summers at three plot locations in western Canada to assess whether genetic (accession) and environmental factors (site and year of production) influenced levels of diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin. The 60 harvested seed samples, each analyzed by single determinations on three subsamples of defatted and dried seed material, were hydrolyzed by a microscale procedure in water containing 2-propanol (70%) and sulfuric acid (1 M). The extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with 6-methyldiosgenin as internal standard. Diosgenin levels from mature seeds ranged from 0.28 to 0.92% (28-92 microg/10 mg). Analysis of variance on combined diosgenin levels from the three sites and two years revealed that accession, accession x year, and site x year effects were significant for diosgenin content, whereas site, year, and site x accession effects were not. Four accessions, CN 19062, CN 19067, CN 19070, and CN 19071, were identified with high levels of diosgenin on the basis of the 2-year data set. In these accessions, mean levels of diosgenin plus yamogenin from seven site years were estimated at 0.70, 0.98, 0.84, and 0.87%, respectively.  相似文献