Duration of immunity, efficacy and safety in sheep of a recombinant Taenia ovis vaccine formulated with saponin or selected adjuvants.     

G. B. L. Harrison  T. R. Shakes  C. M. Robinson  S. B. Lawrence  D. D. Heath  R. P. Dempster  M. W. Lightowlers  M. D. Rickard 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,70(3-4):161-172

The efficacy and safety of a recombinant Taenia ovis protein was tested in sheep using 13 different adjuvant formulations, including oil adjuvants, aluminium salts, saponin, Iscoms and DEAE-dextran. The oil adjuvants, saponin and DEAE-dextran gave the highest antibody responses and greatest degree of protection against challenge infection with T. ovis eggs. Duration of immunity studies with a saponin based vaccine showed that highly significant protection (>90% reduction of cyst numbers) was achieved when sheep were challenge infected one month after immunisation. Significant protection (79%) was still present when sheep were challenged 6 months after immunisation. The optimum dose for this batch of saponin was 10 mg, which stimulated a peak antibody titre of 38,400, 4 weeks after immunisation and did not cause injection site reactions. Dialysed saponin was shown to retain its adjuvant properties and allowed an increase in dose to 30 mg without site reaction, resulting in a peak antibody titre of 51,200.  相似文献   

Gonadal Stage and Sex Steroid Correlations in Siberian Sturgeon,Acipenser baeri,Habituated to a Semitropical Environment     

Heather J. Hamlin  Matthew R. Milnes  Constance M. Beaulaton  Lori C. Albergotti  Louis J. Guillette Jr. 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2011,42(3):313-320

Stages of gonadal development, in association with plasma concentrations of the sex steroids 17β‐estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), testosterone (T), and 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT), were investigated for a single time point during a natural breeding season in 7‐yr‐old Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri Brandt, exposed lifelong to a warmwater environment. Among females, examination of gonadal tissue showed variation in ovarian stage, with 12.5, 47.5, 22.5, and 17.5% of females found at Stages 2 (previtellogenic), 3 (early vitellogenic), 4 (mid‐vitellogenic), and 5 (migratory nucleus), respectively. Although patterns varied among the hormones, plasma concentrations of E2, T, and 11‐KT became increasingly elevated in females as maturation progressed. On the basis of histological criteria, males were classified as either premeiotic (quiescent) or meiotic and 50% of the males sampled were found at each stage. Significant elevations in circulating concentrations of plasma E2 and T were observed in meiotic versus premeiotic males, and there was a rise in plasma 11‐KT concentration that approached significance (P = 0.056).  相似文献   

Detecting the undetectable: Characterization,optimization, and validation of an eDNA detection assay for the federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel,Alasmidonta heterodon (Bivalvia: Unionoida)     

William B. Schill  Heather S. Galbraith 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(4):603-611

Growth,survival, carbon rates for some dry tropical forest trees used in enrichment planting in the Cerro Blanco protected forest on the Ecuadorian coast     

Eric Horstman  Jhony Ayón  Heather Griscom 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2018,37(2):82-96

Deforestation principally to establish cattle pastures has created large expanses of land dominated by exotic grass prior to the establishment of the Cerro Blanco Protected Forest in Ecuador. A dry forest restoration program was carried out from 2008 to 2017. Tree planting sites were cleared in parallel lines through abandoned pasture and secondary vegetation using manual labor. Native tree species were produced in a nursery on site and used in yearly plantings during the rainy season. A total of 637 hectares were planted at an average stocking density of 1,000 trees per hectare. Growth data was collected from trees planted in nine sites from 2008 to 2017. Mortality rates were determined from a sample of 400 trees of twenty-two species. Survival of all species was greater than 50%. Ten species had survival rates greater than 90%. Vitex gigantea, with high survival rates, also had significantly greater growth rates than the other species (p < 0.0001) and showed the greatest yearly accumulation of total carbon (2.07 Kg C yr ^?1 stem^?1). Other species with high growth rates were Cordia alliodora and Centrolobium ochroxylum. This restoration program demonstrates that the dry forest restoration with timely maintenance and protection from fire and grazing is possible with intensive tree planting of native species.  相似文献   

Surveying soil faunal communities using a direct molecular approach     

Heather C. Hamilton  Kyle Wickings  Noah Fierer 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1311-1314

Soil faunal communities are often phylogenetically diverse and the accurate assessment of the taxonomic structure of these communities is both time-consuming and requires a high level of taxonomic expertise. Here we describe a DNA sequence-based methodology for characterizing soil micro- and mesofaunal communities that is similar to the molecular approaches commonly used to survey soil microbial diversity. The technique involves the direct extraction of faunal DNA from soil, PCR amplification of the extracted DNA with metazoan-specific primers, followed by the construction of clone libraries and direct sequencing of individual PCR products. We used this technique to characterize micro- and mesofaunal community composition from six individual soils representing two land-use types. The technique captured the more abundant faunal groups in the soils (nematodes, Collembola, Acari, tardigrades, enchytraeids) and provided sufficient taxonomic resolution to describe the overall structure of the communities. We compared the results obtained using this molecular approach to results obtained using a traditional, microscopy-based approach and found that the results were broadly similar. However, since biases are inherent in both methods it remains unclear which method provides a more accurate assessment of soil faunal community composition. Although this molecular approach has some distinct disadvantages over the more widely-used direct extraction methods, one advantage is that the taxonomic identification it can provide will be more accurate and consistent across research groups, facilitating effective comparisons of mesofaunal surveys.  相似文献   

Bold fusion: transtracheal wash from a Jersey calf     

Brazzell JL  Kaese HJ  Borjesson DL 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2006,35(2):247-249

A 10-week-old, female, Jersey calf was referred to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center for evaluation of difficult breathing and inappetence of 18-hours duration. Cytologic examination of a transtracheal wash specimen revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation, with increased numbers of multinucleated cells. Differential diagnoses included established bacterial infection, viral infection, fungal infection, and foreign body reaction. Immunocytochemical staining was done on a direct smear of the transtracheal wash using a cocktail of 4 mouse monoclonal antibodies against 3 human respiratory syncytial virus proteins. Strong intracytoplasmic staining within mononuclear cells was observed and a diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection was made. Immunocytochemistry may be used as a rapid, inexpensive, adjunctive diagnostic tool for the antemortem diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on transtracheal wash specimens.  相似文献   

Rapid harvest schedules and fruit removal as non-chemical approaches for managing spotted wing Drosophila     

Heather Leach  Josh Moses  Eric Hanson  Philip Fanning  Rufus Isaacs 《Journal of pest science》2018,91(1):219-226

Spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), has caused significant economic losses to small fruit and berry growers throughout the USA and Europe since its invasion. This pest can lay many eggs over its lifetime within ripening and ripe berries, causing yield loss and the risk of fruit contamination. Zero tolerance for this pest has led to increased use of broad-spectrum insecticides to control it, which are costly and pose many other sustainability and pest management concerns. There is an urgent need to evaluate management strategies that can decrease reliance on chemical controls and mitigate economic losses. Over two growing seasons, we compared harvest schedules for their effect on infestation by D. suzukii, revealing that fruit harvested every 1 or 2 days had significantly fewer D. suzukii larvae than a 3-day harvest schedule. Furthermore, we found that yield per unit effort was highest on a 2-day schedule. Sanitation of the crop is another important component of a successful integrated pest management program, and we found that bagging infested waste berries killed 99% of larvae after 32 h, with higher fruit temperatures in clear bags than white or black bags. In combination, these methods can reduce the effects of this invasive pest on raspberry production. This study will provide guidance to growers on culturally based IPM tactics to decrease reliance on chemical management.  相似文献   

Pigment retinopathy in warmblood horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy and equine motor neuron disease          下载免费PDF全文

Carrie J. Finno  Heather J. Kaese  Andrew D. Miller  Giuliana Gianino  Thomas Divers  Stephanie J. Valberg 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2017,20(4):304-309

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Effects of constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine or MK-467 on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs     

Rachel C. Hector  Marlis L. Rezende  Khursheed R. Mama  Eugene P. Steffey  Heather K. Knych  Ann M. Hess  Juhana M. Honkavaara  Marja R. Raekallio  Outi M. Vainio 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):755-765

Objective

To determine the effects of low and high dose infusions of dexmedetomidine and a peripheral α₂-adrenoceptor antagonist, MK-467, on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs.

Study design

Crossover experimental study.

Animals

Six healthy, adult Beagle dogs weighing 12.6 ± 0.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation).

Methods

Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After a 60-minute instrumentation and equilibration period, the MAC of sevoflurane was determined in triplicate using the tail clamp technique. PaCO₂ and temperature were maintained at 40 ± 5 mmHg (5.3 ± 0.7 kPa) and 38 ± 0.5 ºC, respectively. After baseline MAC determination, dogs were administered two incremental loading and infusion doses of either dexmedetomidine (1.5 μg kg^?1 then 1.5 μg kg^?1 hour^?1 and 4.5 μg kg^?1 then 4.5 μg kg^?1 hour^?1) or MK-467 (90 μg kg^?1 then 90 μg kg^?1 hour^?1 and 180 μg kg^?1 then 180 μg kg^?1 hour^?1); loading doses were administered over 10 minutes. MAC was redetermined in duplicate starting 30 minutes after the start of drug administration at each dose. End-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were corrected for calibration and adjusted to sea level. A repeated-measures analysis was performed and comparisons between doses were conducted using Tukey's method. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.

Results

Sevoflurane MAC decreased significantly from 1.86 ± 0.3% to 1.04 ± 0.1% and 0.57 ± 0.1% with incremental doses of dexmedetomidine. Sevoflurane MAC significantly increased with high dose MK-467, from 1.93 ± 0.3% to 2.29 ± 0.5%.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Dexmedetomidine caused a dose-dependent decrease in sevoflurane MAC, whereas MK-467 caused an increase in MAC at the higher infusion dose. Further studies evaluating the combined effects of dexmedetomidine and MK-467 on MAC and cardiovascular function may elucidate potential benefits of the addition of a peripheral α₂-adrenergic antagonist to inhalation anesthesia in dogs.  相似文献   

Induction dose and recovery quality of propofol and alfaxalone with or without midazolam coinduction followed by total intravenous anesthesia in dogs     

PenTing Liao  Melissa Sinclair  Alexander Valverde  Cornelia Mosley  Heather Chalmers  Shawn Mackenzie  Brad Hanna 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1016-1026

Objectives

To compare propofol and alfaxalone, with or without midazolam, for induction of anesthesia in fentanyl-sedated dogs, and to assess recovery from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA).

Study design

Prospective, incomplete, Latin-square study.

Animals

Ten dogs weighing 24.5 ± 3.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).

Methods

Dogs were randomly assigned to four treatments: treatment P-M, propofol (1 mg kg^?1) and midazolam (0.3 mg kg^?1); treatment P-S, propofol and saline; treatment A-M, alfaxalone (0.5 mg kg^?1) and midazolam; treatment A-S, alfaxalone and saline, administered intravenously (IV) 10 minutes after fentanyl (7 μg kg^?1) IV. Additional propofol or alfaxalone were administered as necessary for endotracheal intubation. TIVA was maintained for 35–55 minutes by infusions of propofol or alfaxalone. Scores were assigned for quality of sedation, induction, extubation and recovery. The drug doses required for intubation and TIVA, times from sedation to end of TIVA, end anesthesia to extubation and to standing were recorded. Analysis included a general linear mixed model with post hoc analysis (p < 0.05).

Results

Significant differences were detected in the quality of induction, better in A-M than A-S and P-S, and in P-M than P-S; in total intubation dose, lower in P-M (1.5 mg kg^?1) than P-S (2.1 mg kg^?1), and A-M (0.62 mg kg^?1) than A-S (0.98 mg kg^?1); and lower TIVA rate in P-M (268 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) than P-S (310 μg kg^?1 minute^?1). TIVA rate was similar in A-M and A-S (83 and 87 μg kg^?1 minute^?1, respectively). Time to standing was longer after alfaxalone than propofol, but was not influenced by midazolam.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Addition of midazolam reduced the induction doses of propofol and alfaxalone and improved the quality of induction in fentanyl-sedated dogs. The dose rate of propofol for TIVA was decreased.  相似文献