A simplified PCR method for genotyping Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony: the aetiologic agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia     

Churchward CP  Hlúšek M  Nicholas RA  Ayling RD  McAuliffe L 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,159(1-2):257-259

Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony is the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, a cattle disease endemic to areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Twenty isolates from various geographical locations and the type strain were analysed by multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA). The data generated was then used to develop three PCR primer sets to differentiate these isolates. The PCRs differentiated the isolates into four groups; the type strain (T); isolates of European origin (Eu); isolates from Tanzania (Af1) with a final group consisting of isolates from Namibia and Botswana (Af2). These PCRs offers a rapid and efficient post-identification typing method without the need to sequence and analyse multiple genes.  相似文献   

Comparison of bupivacaine femoral and sciatic nerve block versus bupivacaine and morphine epidural for stifle surgery in dogs     

Campoy L  Martin-Flores M  Ludders JW  Erb HN  Gleed RD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2012,39(1):91-98

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks as an alternative to epidural anesthesia and analgesia in dogs undergoing stifle surgery under general anesthesia.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized, clinical comparison.AnimalsTwenty dogs weighing 37 ± 11 (mean ± SD) kg, aged 3 (1–8) [median (minimum–maximum)] years undergoing elective unilateral tibial-plateau leveling osteotomy.MethodsDogs were assigned randomly to receive either epidural anesthesia (bupivacaine 0.5%, 0.5 mg kg^?1 + morphine 0.1%, 0.1 mg kg^?1, in 0.2 mL kg^?1; EPID) or femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (Bupivacaine 0.5%, 0.1 mL kg^?1, was administered at each site; F + S) guided by electrolocation. All patients received a standard general anesthesia technique. Pain and sedation were scored (on scales of 0–10 and 0–3, respectively) pre-operatively, at extubation, and at 1, 4 and then every 4 hours thereafter up to 24 hours. Postoperatively, hydromorphone was administered to any patient with a pain score of >5 or whenever the blinded caregiver determined that more hydromorphone was necessary. Intraoperative heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), end tidal isoflurane (FE′ISO), body temperature, post-operative pain scores, time to first hydromorphone dose after surgery, time to first feeding, time to first drinking, time to first urination, time to first ambulation (walk on a lead) and cumulative dose of hydromorphone were recorded.ResultsIntra-operatively, FE′ISO and MAP were significantly lower in the EPID group (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively). Postoperatively, the cumulative hydromorphone consumption (p = 0.04) and the incidence of urinary retention (p = 0.03) were higher in the EPID group.Conclusion and clinical relevance F + S is a practical alternative to EPID that produces less urine retention and reduces opioid consumption in the 24 hours after surgery. EPID might be associated with a lower isoflurane requirement and lower systemic blood pressure.  相似文献   

Observations of the potency and duration of vecuronium in isoflurane-anesthetized horses     

Martin-Flores M  Pare MD  Adams W  Campoy L  Gleed RD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2012,39(4):385-389

ObjectiveTo evaluate the potency and duration of three subparalyzing doses of vecuronium (VEC) in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsThirteen healthy adult horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery.MethodsDuring isoflurane anesthesia, horses received one of three doses of vecuronium (25, 50, or 100 μg kg^?1). Neuromuscular transmission was monitored with acceleromyography (AMG) with train-of-four (TOF) stimulation of the radial nerve. Maximal depression of the first twitch (T1), and onset time were recorded for each dose. Recovery time to a TOF ratio >90% was also evaluated.ResultsVecuronium 25 μg kg^?1 produced no observable T1 depression in four horses. VEC 50 μg kg^?1 (n = 5) produced a maximal T1 depression of [median (min, max)] 41 (20, 71) % in four horses, and no neuromuscular block was seen in the fifth. VEC 100 μg kg^?1 was given to four horses and produced a T1 depression of 73 (64, 78) %. Of the four horses in which VEC 50 μg kg^?1 produced a measurable neuromuscular block, three recovered spontaneously 43 (40, 52) minutes after VEC administration; a fourth subject received edrophonium to reverse residual block at the end of the surgery. Spontaneous recovery after VEC 100 μg kg^?1 occurred by 112 minutes in one horse, and had to be facilitated by edrophonium in the remaining three horses, more than 2 hours after VEC had been given.Conclusions and clinical relevanceA dose of 100 μg kg^?1 VEC in isoflurane anesthetized horses failed to produce complete paralysis. The partial neuromuscular block lasted at least 2 hours after this dose had been administered. Edrophonium was required to reverse the neuromuscular block in three of four horses. It is likely that more than 100 μg kg^?1 VEC would be necessary for complete neuromuscular blockade in horses, and that this dose will last >2 hours.  相似文献   

Phylogenetic network of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Linum</Emphasis> species as revealed by non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences     

Yong-Bi Fu  Robin G. Allaby 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(5):667-677

Crop wild relatives are invaluable sources of novel genes for crop improvement and adaptation to changing environments. We assessed phylogenetic relationships among 29 Linum accessions representing 16 species, including cultivated flax and its progenitor pale flax, based on four non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA sequences. We obtained a cpDNA network showing that these 16 Linum species are appropriately connected based on previously defined taxonomic sections; these connections reflect the same evolutionary pathways as determined from earlier morphological and cytological data. These relationships also support an earlier hypothesis that cultivated flax is probably descended from a single domestication of pale flax plants, apparently for oil usage. The detailed species network not only is significant for understanding evolutionary relationships of Linum species, but also useful for classifying exotic gene pools of cultivated flax as a part of the ongoing exploration of new genetic diversity for flax improvement.  相似文献   

Predicting the Landscape Spatial Distribution of Fuel-Generating Insects,Diseases, and Other Types of Disturbances     

John E. Lundquist  Robin M. Reich 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(5):370-391

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Making Tropical Succession and Landscape Reforestation Successful     

Robin L. Chazdon 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(7):649-658

Forests are dynamic ecosystems, spatial mosaics of localized disturbances and regenerating vegetation. Following forest conversion to human land uses, expanding forest cover follows four different modes of reforestation: (a) spontaneous natural regeneration; (b) assisted natural regeneration; (c) agroforestry; and (d) commercial tree plantations. Natural regeneration fundamentally depends on the alignment of ecological and social factors at landscape scales. A deeper socioecological understanding of reforestation in the tropics will lead to the development of effective policies and governance structures that enhance forest cover and ecosystem services, protect biodiversity, and improve forest-dependent livelihoods.  相似文献   

Basilaphelenchus gorganensis n. sp. (Aphelenchoidea,Tylaphelenchinae) from wood from northern Iran     

Zeinab Mirzaie Fouladvand  Ebrahim Pourjam  Natsumi Kanzaki  Robin M. Giblin‐Davis  Majid Pedram 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(2)

Basilaphelenchus gorganensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from wood and bark of a dead tree from northern Iran. The new species is characterized by female body length (415–559 µm), three‐lined lateral fields, a sclerotized cephalic vestibule and cephalic framework, thin stylet with three elongate backwardly directed knobs, small spherical to oval metacorpus, with small and posteriorly located valve, simple vulva without any flap apparatus, 59‐ to 79‐µm‐long post‐vulval uterine sac, functional rectum and anus and dorsally convex, ventrally concave, usually ventrally bent conical female tail with a sharp tip. Males are common, apparently functional and characterized by well‐curved spicules, three pairs of small caudal papillae and no bursa at tail tip. Molecular phylogenetic inferences using partial sequences of small and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU and LSU rDNA) from different isolates of the new species revealed it differs from currently sequenced species and belongs to the Tylaphelenchinae clade.  相似文献   

Beliefs of South Africans regarding food and cardiovascular health     

Dolman RC  Stonehouse W  van't Riet H  Badham J  Jerling JC 《Public health nutrition》2008,11(9):946-954

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the beliefs of South African metropolitan adults regarding the importance of influencing cardiovascular health by eating certain food types, and to compare these beliefs between different race, living standards, age and gender groups. DESIGN: Randomised cross-sectional study. Trained fieldworkers administered questionnaires by conducting face-to-face interviews with consumers. SUBJECTS: Two thousand South Africans (16 years and older) were randomly selected from metropolitan areas in South Africa. The data were weighted to be representative of the total South African metropolitan population (N = 10 695 000) based on gender, age and race distribution. RESULTS: The majority (94 %) of the population indicated that it is important to influence cardiovascular risk-related health issues by eating certain food types, especially the higher LSM (Living Standard Measure) groups within the different race groups. Weight loss was considered the least important (61 % indicated that it is important) compared with cholesterol lowering (80 %), blood pressure (89 %), diabetes (86 %) and healthy blood vessels (89 %). In the higher LSM groups (7-10) higher proportions of respondents agreed than in the lower LSM groups (2 and 3). No differences were seen in responses between different gender, race and age groups.Conclusions and recommendationsThis study shows that the metropolitan South African adult population considers the influence on cardiovascular health by eating certain food types to be important. However, modifying weight loss by eating certain food types was considered less important.  相似文献   

Purification, identification, and characterization of peanut isocitrate lyase     

Lin SF  Ong PL  Jhou CR  Chiou RY 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(6):1845-1851

Isocitrate lyase (ICL, EC 4.1.3.1) is commonly present in oil-rich seeds in catalyzing the cleavage of isocitrate to glyoxylate and succinate and plays an essential role in lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis. When peanut kernels (Tainan 14) were germinated at 30 degrees C, the cotyledon ICL activities increased substantially in the initial 4 days, and the 4-day-germinated cotyledons were subjected to ICL purification by Tris-HCl buffer extraction, heat treatment at 55 degrees C for 1 h, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation at 25-35% saturation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. A single 64 kDa SDS-PAGE protein band was obtained with 7.7% recovery and 37.5-fold purity. It was identified as ICL by LC-MS/MS analyses and Mascot Search with 494 as the highest Probability Based Mowse Score (PBMS). On the basis of the sequence of the homologous ICL of Glycine max, 26% of the peptide sequences of the peanut ICL were identified. During gel filtration, separation of peanut catalase (identified by LC-MS/MS and Mascot Search with 405 as the highest PBMS) from peanut ICL was achieved. The highest measured peanut ICL enzymatic activities were obtained at 45 degrees C and pH 7.0-7.8, respectively. The enzyme activities were stable (>80%) as stored for 8 h at 30 degrees C, 15 days at 4 degrees C, or 60 days at -25 degrees C. As affected by the supplements in the reactants for activity determinations, ICL activity was not affected by glucose up to 4%, sucrose up to 5%, or ethanol up to 8.33%.  相似文献   

Ferulic acid from aleurone determines the antioxidant potency of wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.)     

Mateo Anson N  van den Berg R  Havenaar R  Bast A  Haenen GR 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(14):5589-5594

Grain is an important source of phytochemicals, which have potent antioxidant capacity. They have been implicated in the beneficial health effect of whole grains in reducing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to identify the most important antioxidant fractions of wheat grain. It was found that the aleurone content of these fractions was highly correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the fractions (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001). Ferulic acid appeared to be the major contributor to the antioxidant capacity in fractions with higher antioxidant capacity. The contribution of protein was rather limited. It was concluded that the antioxidant potency of wheat grain fractions is predominantly determined by aleurone content, which can be attributed to the presence of relatively large amounts of phenolic compounds, primarily ferulic acid.  相似文献