In vitro efficacy of a polyhexamethylene biguanide-impregnated gauze dressing against bacteria found in veterinary patients     

Lee WR  Tobias KM  Bemis DA  Rohrbach BW 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2004,33(4):404-411

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)-impregnated gauze dressing in limiting the growth of bacteria both within and underneath the dressing. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro study. METHODS: Squares of PHMB-impregnated and control gauze were placed on agar plates inoculated with 1 of 11 bacterial species, including 8 multi-resistant organisms. Growth under the gauze was assessed qualitatively after 24-hour incubation. Repeated use of sponges was used to evaluate residual inhibitory activity against Micrococcus lutea and Staphylococcus schleiferi ss. schleiferi. In a second procedure, PHMB-impregnated and control gauze squares were placed in sterile plastic wells and inoculated with 1 of 5 bacterial species, including Pseudomonas spp. and Klebsiella spp. Inhibition of bacterial growth within and underneath the dressing after 24-hour incubation was evaluated by quantifying the numbers of bacteria on the well floor and within each square. RESULTS: PHMB-impregnated gauze provided greater inhibition of growth of 4/4 Gram-positive species and 2/6 Gram-negative species on inoculated plates compared with control gauze. Residual inhibitory activity of PHMB-impregnated gauze was significantly greater against M. lutea on all days and against S. schleiferi ss. schleiferi on days 1 and 4 compared with control. No bacteria were recovered from inoculated PHMB-impregnated gauze squares placed in sterile wells or from the well floor underneath. More than 9 x 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) were recovered from inoculated control samples placed in sterile wells and more than 8.4 x 10(4) CFU were recovered from control well floors. CONCLUSION: PHMB-impregnated gauze dressing, when placed on inoculated agar plates, reduces growth of underlying bacteria, particularly Gram-positive species. Wet-inoculated PHMB-impregnated dressing prevents growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria both within and underneath the dressing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PHMB-impregnated dressings may be useful for reducing contamination of underlying wounds by bacterial pathogens.  相似文献   

Effects of lipopolysaccharide and phenylbutazone on gastric contents in the horse     

Doherty TJ  Andrews FM  Blackford JT  Rohrbach BW  Sandin A  Saxton AM 《Equine veterinary journal》2003,35(5):472-475

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Endotoxaemia causes a disruption of gastrointestinal motility in the horse but there is no information on its effects on gastric secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration is known to affect gastric secretion in other species. HYPOTHESIS: That LPS, a toxic component of Gram-negative bacteria, would reduce gastric acid secretion and that pretreatment with phenylbutazone (PBZ) would block the effects of LPS. METHODS: The effects of LPS and PBZ on gastric contents were investigated in fasted, mature horses, with permanent gastric cannulae. Horses were pretreated with either saline or PBZ 15 mins before a 60 min infusion of either LPS or saline. Gastric contents were collected at 15 min intervals for 3 h, beginning 15 mins after the start of the LPS or saline infusion. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide significantly decreased gastric acid output, [K+] and potassium output and increased [Na+] and sodium output. Phenylbutazone did not affect basal gastric acid secretion but decreased LPS-induced changes in the secreted volume, [Na+] and sodium output. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that LPS affects gastric acid secretion in the horse and that these LPS-induced changes are mediated, in part, by prostaglandins. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Lipopolysaccharide administration can induce changes in the composition of gastric contents in the horse but further work is needed to determine the source of these changes.  相似文献   

Alterations in hemograms and serum biochemical analytes of steers after prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue     

Oliver JW  Schultze AE  Rohrbach BW  Fribourg HA  Ingle T  Waller JC 《Journal of animal science》2000,78(4):1029-1035

The objective of the current study was to delineate changes that occur in serum analytes and blood cellular elements in cattle that graze endophyte-infested (Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue. Tall fescue is grown on more than 35 million acres (14.2 million ha) of pasture in the United States, and three-fourths of the pastures are infected with the endophyte at a 60% or greater level. Tall fescue toxicosis caused by endophyte-produced ergot alkaloids continues to be the most important grass-related disease in the United States, in terms of economic loss to animal producers. However, the agronomic attributes of tall fescue make it an attractive forage species because of its ability to withstand cool temperatures, drought, poor soil conditions, and intensive defoliation from herbivore species, including insects. Tall fescue toxicosis is a complex disease and the need exists to understand the mechanisms of the toxic effects in order to institute effective, prophylactic control measures. Our group previously reported changes that occur in serum biochemical analytes of cattle that graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. An additional year's worth of data have been added, strengthening and corroborating these data. Consistent and significant changes associated with tall fescue toxicosis during the 3-yr study included decreased serum concentrations of cholesterol, globulin (increased albumin/globulin ratio), prolactin, total protein, and copper. The activity of alanine aminotransferase was decreased in serum, whereas an increase in serum concentrations of creatinine and total bilirubin occurred. The present report also documents comparative hemograms of cattle that grazed endophyte-infected or endophyte-free tall fescue over a prolonged period. The mean erythrocyte counts were increased in cattle that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were decreased, as were mean eosinophil counts. Thus, repeatable changes have been identified that occur in serum biochemical and blood cellular values of cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue that will aid in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, these consistently altered parameters can be used to assess the effectiveness of potential prophylactic treatments.  相似文献   

Tularemia     

B W Rohrbach 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1988,193(4):428-432

  相似文献   

Clinical impressions of canine pulmonary disease     

J A Rohrbach 《The Journal of small animal practice》1970,11(10):679-684

The clinical methods of diagnosis are described and it is emphasized that their useful application increases with practice. Details are given of relevant cases seen during a period of 6 months. There were two cases of bronchitis, two cases of pulmonary congestion, secondary to cardiac insufficiency, one of inflammation due to migrating roundworm larvae and two cases of tumour metastasis. Résumé. On décrit les méthodes cliniques de diagnostic et on souligne le fait que l'utilité de leur emploi augmente avec l'augmentation de la pratique. On donne des détails des cas caractéristiques observés au cours d'une période de 6 mois; il s'agissait de deux cas de bronchite, de deux cas de congestion pulmonaire secondaire à une insuffisance cardiaque, d'un cas d'inflammation due à la migration de larves d'Ascaris et de deux métatases de tumeurs. Zusammenfassung. Die klinischen Methoden der Diagnose werden beschrieben, und es wird betont, dass mit zunehmender Praxis sich ihre erfolgreiche Anwendung verbessert. Einzelheiten über aufschlussreiche Fälle in einem Zeitraum von 6 Monaten werden angegeben. Es handelte sich um zwei Fälle von Bronchitis, zwei Fälle von Lungenstauung nach Herzinsuffizienz, einen von Entzündung infolge wandernder Fadenwurmlarven und zwei Fälle von metastatischem Tumor.  相似文献   

Use of end-tidal CO2 tension to predict arterial CO2 values in isoflurane-anesthetized equine neonates.     

D R Geiser  B W Rohrbach 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(9):1617-1621

End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were determined and compared in isoflurane-anesthetized spontaneously breathing equine neonates. End-tidal carbon dioxide and PaCO2 values increased with respect to time. Difference between values of PetCO2 and PaCO2 increased over time. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was useful to predict changes in and was more closely correlated with PaCO2 early in the anesthetic period (T less than or equal to 60 minutes). The dead space volume to tidal volume (Vd/Vt) ratio increased with respect to time, indicating increase in physiologic dead space in isoflurane-anesthetized foals. The data indicate that the increased difference between widening of the PetCO2 and PaCO2 values over time may have been attributable to hypoventilation and decreased pulmonary capillary perfusion of alveoli.  相似文献   

Survey of Irish Wolfhounds in Australia for von Willebrand's Disease     

P. CLARK  BW PARRY 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(10):393-393

  相似文献   

Treatment of Blastomycosis With Itraconazole in 112 Dogs   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Alfred M. Legendre DVM    Barton W. Rohrbach  Robert L. Toal  Michael G. Rinaldi  Linda L. Grace  Janet B. Jones 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1996,10(6):365-371

One hundred twelve client-owned dogs with blastomycosis were treated with itraconazole, 5 or 10 mg/kg/d. The first group of 70 dogs treated in 1987 and 1988 received 10 mg/kg/d (group 1), and the second group of 42 dogs treated after October 1988 received 5 mg/kg/d (group 2). Even though the groups were treated at different times, the dogs were similar in age and gender distribution, number of sites involved, and percent and severity of pulmonary involvement. The proportion of dogs cured with a 60–day course of itraconazole was similar for both groups (53.6% versus 54.3%) and for a second historical control group treated with amphotericin B (57%); the recurrence rate was also similar, 20%, 21.4%, and 20%, respectively. Dogs treated with itraconazole had similar mortality rates (25.7% at 5 mg/kg/d; 25% at 10 mg/kg/day) to those treated with amphotericin B (23%). Seventeen of the 23 dogs that died (74%), did so during the first week of treatment; these early deaths were usually attributed to respiratory failure. The only site of infection that was significantly associated with failure (death or recurrence) was the brain. There was a marked difference in survival times between dogs without lung disease or with mild lung disease compared with dogs with moderate or severe lung disease. Serum itraconazole concentrations reached steady state by 14 days of treatment. Dogs receiving 5 mg/kg/d of itraconazole (group 2) had mean serum concentrations of 3.55 ± 2.81 mg/mL (range, 0.67 to 10.8 μg/mL), whereas dogs receiving 10 μg/kg/d (group 1) had mean concentrations of 13.46 ± 8.49 μg/mL (range, 1.8 to 28 μg/mL) (P ≤ .001). There was no association between cure and serum itraconazole concentrations. Dogs in group 1 had significantly more adverse effects than dogs in group 2 (P= .046). Anorexia was the most common adverse effect, occurring in 14.9% of dogs in group 1. Only 8% of dogs in group 2 had adverse effects. Serum concentrations of itraconazole were positively correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities. Our findings indicate that itraconazole administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d is the drug of choice for blastomycosis in dogs.  相似文献   

Effect of intravenous lidocaine and ketamine on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats     

MA Redua  T Doherty  P Castro-Queiroz  BW Rohrbach 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(4):6-7

This study evaluated the effects of IV lidocaine (L) and ketamine (K), alone and in combination (LK), on the isoflurane MAC (ISO_MAC) in goats. It was hypothesized that L and K would reduce ISO_MAC and that the effect of LK would be additive. Eight adult goats (24–51 kg) were used in the study. Each goat was studied on four occasions, at weekly intervals, using a randomized crossover design. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane (ISO) in O₂ and goats were intubated and ventilated to normocapnia. End‐tidal ISO (ET_ISO) and CO₂ were monitored with a calibrated infrared analyzer. Body temperature was maintained in the normal range using a heating pad. Approximately 45 minutes after intubation, and with the ET_ISO having been held constant for at least 20 minutes, determination of the baseline MAC (MAC_B) was initiated. A noxious stimulus, which consisted of clamping a claw between the jaws of a 10‐inch Vulsellum forceps, was administered for 60 seconds or until purposeful movement occurred. If purposeful movement occurred, the ET_ISO was increased by 0.1 vols% otherwise it was decreased by 0.1 vols% and the stimulus was reapplied following a 20 minute equilibration period. Following MAC_B determination treatments were administered as a loading dose (Ld) in 10 mL 0.9% NaCl over 3 minutes followed by a constant rate infusion to a final volume of 60 mL hour^–1 in 0.9% NaCl, as follows: L (Ld 2.5 mg kg^–1 + 100 μg kg^–1 minutes^–1); K (Ld 1.5 mg kg^–1 + 50 μg kg^–1minutes); LK or 0.9% NaCl. Post‐treatment MAC (MAC_T) determination began 45 minutes after the start of the loading dose. MAC_B and MAC_T were determined in triplicate and the mean value was used for data analysis. Difference in percent change in MAC was tested using a mixed‐model anova . Means separation among levels of treatment was tested using the Tukey‐Kramer method. The mean MAC_B for all treatments was 1.13 ± 0.03 vols%. L, K and LK reduced (p < 0.05) MAC_B by 19%, 49% and 69%, respectively. No change (p > 0.05) occurred with saline. It was concluded that L and K caused clinically significant decreases in ISO_MAC; however, the percent MAC reduction with L was less than expected given the MAC reduction reported with L for other species. The combination (LK) caused a profound decrease in ISO_MAC and this effect was additive.  相似文献   

The effect of buprenorphine on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in dogs     

Patricia Queiroz‐Williams  Christine M Egger  Wen Qu  Barton W Rohrbach  Thomas Doherty 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(3):312-318

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of intravenous (IV) buprenorphine on the isoflurane (ISO) minimum alveolar concentration (ISOMAC) in dogs.Study designRandomized, crossover, design.AnimalsSix healthy, adult (2–3 years old), intact dogs (two males and four females) weighing 7.4–11.0 kg.MethodsEach dog was studied on three occasions, 1 week apart, and baseline ISOMAC (MAC_B) was determined on each occasion. ISOMAC was defined as the mean of the end-tidal ISO concentrations that prevented and allowed purposeful movement in response to a noxious stimulus. After MAC_B determination, dogs were randomly given buprenorphine (BUP) at either 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 mg kg^?1 IV, and ISOMAC was determined at two time periods after BUP administration. The first post-treatment determination (MAC_T1) was initiated 45 minutes after BUP administration and the second determination (MAC_T2) was initiated 4 hours after BUP administration. MAC values were determined in duplicate and the mean values were used for statistical analysis.ResultsIsoflurane minimum alveolar concentration was decreased at 141 minutes (the time of MAC_T1 determination) by 25%, 35%, and 27% after administration of BUP at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg kg^?1, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The MAC reductions were not statistically different among doses. The reductions in ISOMAC at 342 minutes (the time of MAC_T2 determination) ranged from 13 to 16%, and were not statistically different among doses.Conclusions and clinical significanceBuprenorphine at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg kg^?1 significantly decreased ISOMAC in dogs at 141 minutes but not at 342 minutes. When using BUP for MAC reduction re-dosing may be required for procedures of long duration, and there may be no advantage to using the 0.1 mg kg^?1 dose.  相似文献