Drag swab efficiency factors when sampling chicken manure     

Rolfe DL  Riemann HP  Farver TB  Himathongkham S 《Avian diseases》2000,44(3):668-675

This study examines drag swabbing distance, media for moistening the drag swabs, and site selection when sampling a laying facility by drag swabbing manure piles. Manure piles at a laying facility in California's San Joaquin Valley were sampled with drag swabs over various distances. Samples were cultured for Salmonella spp. with standard laboratory methods, and most probable number calculations. Salmonella spp. counts were expected to be highly variable because of reported clustering. Therefore, total bacteria and Escherichia coli, which were assumed to have a more uniform distribution on the surface of the manure, were additionally used as proxies for Salmonella. Media for moistening the swabs were compared by seeding postswabbing samples with Salmonella typhimurium, and culturing at different delay times. Total bacterial counts were compared between samples that were obtained from either wet or dry surfaces. Numbers of Salmonella spp. and total bacteria peaked within 120 feet of swabbing distance. Higher total bacteria counts were obtained by swabbing wet areas rather than dry areas, but the distance that could be swabbed effectively was shorter in wet areas. Moistening media selected for the swab resulted in statistically different culture counts, but did not show any important difference in maintaining Salmonella viability over a 48-hr period when the samples were kept at refrigerated temperatures. Once swabs became fully loaded with fecal material, bacterial numbers failed to increase with further use. Overuse of a swab may result in failure to detect Salmonella enteritidis on chicken manure if the distribution of this organism is clustered.  相似文献   

International basis for uniform measurement     

L E Howlett 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,158(797):72-74

The influence and importance of the International Bureau have never been greater than they are today and there seems little doubt that its position will be enhanced in the future. The rapid development of science and technological industry during recent decades has placed heavy demands on fundamental metrology to keep ahead of immediate needs. This trend is likely to increase. Other organizations also have an important role to play in measurement and its ultimate application. However, if the International Bureau conserves its competence, the fact that it has always envisaged its role as that of providing leadership in the development of an international scientific consensus rather than developing and imposing its own ideas, combined with the authority that is conferred only by international treaty, will assure its position as the international focus for world measurement. Inevitably this will call for expansion of the Bureau's activities. Not all demands made on it will be legitimate or wise. It will be the responsibility of the International Committee to keep the situation under continuous study and bring imaginative yet prudent recommendations to the Conference.  相似文献   

Altitude-Related Disorders on Mount Kilimanjaro,Tanzania: Two-Year Survey in a Local Referral Center     

Marieke C.J. Dekker  Alex Mremi  Kajiru G. Kilonzo  Gissela Nyakunga  Francis Sakita  Mark Mvungi  Sarah J. Urasa  Gileard Masenga  William P. Howlett 《The Forestry Chronicle》2021,32(1):36-40

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Laparoscopic‐Guided Compared to Skilled Instructor Support for Student Rectal Examination Training Using Live Horses in the Veterinary Curriculum          下载免费PDF全文

Rolfe M. Radcliffe DVM  Diplomate ACVS & ACVECC  Alison C. Manchester DVM  Hussni O. Mohammed BVSc  MPVM  PhD  Kyla Ortved DVM  Diplomate ACVS  Heidi L. Reesink VMD  Diplomate ACVS  Lauren V. Schnabel DVM  Diplomate ACVS  Hayley M. Lang DVM  Peter V. Scrivani DVM  Diplomate ACVR  Susan L. Fubini DVM  Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2015,44(3):352-358

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Synovial osteochondroma involving the elbow of a cat     

Chris Tan  Graeme S. Allan  Dominic Barfield  Mark B. Krockenberger  Rolfe Howlett  Richard Malik 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2010,12(5):412-417

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Functional and Digestive Characteristics of Extruded Rice Flour     

Rolfe J. Bryant  Ranjit S. Kadan  Elaine T. Champagne  Bryan T. Vinyard  Debbie Boykin 《Cereal Chemistry》2001,78(2):131-137

Waxy (short grain), long grain, and parboiled (long grain) rice flours were extruded using three different temperatures and five different water feed rates. The water absorption and water solubility index of the extrudates was 0.67–5.86 and 86.45–10.03%, respectively. The fat absorption index was similar to that of unextruded flours with an average value of 0.96 g/g ± 0.12. Bulk density decreased with an increase in moisture, except waxy rice, which had a quadratic relationship. The viscosity profiles for long grain and parboiled rice were similar. Both initially increased in viscosity (>130 RVU), then decreased to ≈40 RVU. The final viscosity was ≈60 RVU. Waxy rice viscosity remained low (<20 RVU), then doubled upon cooling. The main difference in the digestion profiles was due to temperature. The flours extruded at 100°C digested significantly slower than those extruded at 125 and 150°C. Significant differences were not detected for a given temperature and moisture (P > 0.05) except for long grain and parboiled rice extruded at 100°C and 15% added moisture (F = 4.48, P = 0.03) and 150°C and 20% added moisture (F = 3.72, P = 0.05). Moisture appeared to have little effect for a given temperature, except when parboiled rice was extruded at 150°C. The digestion rate for 11 and 25% added moisture was significantly less than that for 20% (P ≤ 0.05).  相似文献   

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> plants infected by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptosphaeria maculans</Emphasis> after the third to fifth leaf growth stage in south-eastern Australia do not develop blackleg stem canker     

S.J.?MarcroftEmail author  M.R.?Sosnowski  E.S.?Scott  M.D.?Ramsey  P.A.?Salisbury  B.J.?Howlett 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2005,112(3):289-292

Blackleg (Phoma stem canker) caused by Leptosphaeria maculans is the most damaging disease of Brassica napus (canola, rapeseed, colza) worldwide and is controlled by sowing blackleg resistant cultivars and crop management strategies that reduce exposure to inoculum and fungicide application. In experiments in south-eastern Australia, canola cultivars inoculated after the three to five leaf growth stage did not develop stem canker. Although mature canola plants are known to be less susceptible to blackleg than seedlings, this highlights for the first time the specific importance of protecting seedlings up to the three to five leaf growth stage in Australia. This would typically correspond to a period of four to six weeks after emergence. Canola plants are likely to be significantly less vulnerable to infection after this growth stage. However, this timing may vary due to the influence of environmental conditions.  相似文献   

TB in goats caused by Mycobacterium bovis     

Crawshaw T  Daniel R  Clifton-Hadley R  Clark J  Evans H  Rolfe S  de la Rua-Domenech R 《The Veterinary record》2008,163(4):127

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Effective control of a suspected cyromazine‐resistant strain of Lucilia cuprina using commercial spray‐on formulations of cyromazine or dicyclanil     

KE Baker  PF Rolfe  AJ George  KJ Vanhoff  PF Kluver  JN Bailey 《Australian veterinary journal》2014,92(10):376-380

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Microsatellite and Minisatellite Analysis of Leptosphaeria maculans in Australia Reveals Regional Genetic Differentiation     

Hayden HL  Cozijnsen AJ  Howlett BJ 《Phytopathology》2007,97(7):879-887

ABSTRACT The population genetic structure of the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans was determined in Australia using six microsatellite and two minisatellite markers. Ascospores were sampled from Brassica napus stubble in disease nurseries and commercial fields in different sites over 2 years. The 13 subpopulations of L. maculans exhibited high gene (H = 0.393 to 0.563) and genotypic diversity, with 357 haplotypes identified among 513 isolates. Although the majority of genetic variation was distributed within subpopulations (85%), 10% occurred between the regions of eastern and Western Australia, and 5% within regions. F(ST) analysis of subpopulation pairs also showed the east-west genetic differentiation, whereas factorial correspondence analysis separated Western Australian subpopulations from eastern ones. Bayesian model-based population structure analyses of multilocus haplotypes inferred three distinct populations, one in Western Australia and an admixture of two in eastern Australia. These two regions are separated by 1,200 km of arid desert that may act as a natural barrier to gene flow, resulting in differentiation by random genetic drift. The genetic differentiation of L. maculans isolates between eastern and Western Australia means that these regions can be treated as different management units, and reinforces the need for widespread disease nurseries in each region to screen breeding lines against a range of genetic and pathogenic populations of L. maculans.  相似文献