Calcitriol (1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol) enhances mast cell tumour chemotherapy and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity in vitro and has single‐agent activity against spontaneously occurring canine mast cell tumours*     

E. K. Malone  K. M. Rassnick  J. J. Wakshlag  D. S. Russell  R. Al‐Sarraf  D. M. Ruslander  C. S. Johnson  D. L. Trump 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2010,8(3):209-220

Calcitriol potentiates the effect of multiple chemotherapy agents in a variety of tumour models. In this study, we examine whether calcitriol increases chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitor in vitro cytotoxicity in canine mastocytoma C2 cells. We also evaluate the in vivo effect of DN101, a highly concentrated oral formulation of calcitriol designed specifically for cancer therapy, as a single‐agent therapy in dogs with mast cell tumours (MCTs). Calcitriol exhibits synergistic, antiproliferative activity when used in combination with CCNU, vinblastine, imatinib or toceranib in vitro. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition were generally two‐ to six‐fold lower when the drugs were used in combination than when used individually. High‐dose oral calcitriol induced remission in 4 of 10 dogs (one complete remission, three partial remissions), although the majority experienced toxicity, necessitating discontinuation of the trial. Further evaluation of calcitriol in combination therapy for dogs with MCTs is warranted.  相似文献   

AN INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE     

Russell B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1917,45(1173):635-636

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Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic,biological and socio-political forces: the case of southwestern Ethiopia   总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26  

Reid  Robin S.  Kruska  Russell L.  Muthui  Nyawira  Taye  Andualem  Wotton  Sara  Wilson  Cathleen J.  Mulatu  Woudyalew 《Landscape Ecology》2000,15(4):339-355

Few studies of land-use/land-cover change provide an integrated assessment of the driving forces and consequences of that change, particularly in Africa. Our objectives were to determine how driving forces at different scales change over time, how these forces affect the dynamics and patterns of land use/land cover, and how land-use/land-cover change affects ecological properties at the landscape scale. To accomplish these objectives, we first developed a way to identify the causes and consequences of change at a landscape scale by integrating tools from ecology and the social sciences and then applied these methods to a case study in Ghibe Valley, southwestern Ethiopia. Maps of land-use/land-cover change were created from aerial photography and Landsat TM imagery for the period, 1957–1993. A method called `ecological time lines' was developed to elicit landscape-scale explanations for changes from long-term residents. Cropland expanded at twice the speed recently (1987–1993) than two decades ago (1957–1973), but also contracted rapidly between 1973–1987. Rapid land-use/land cover change was caused by the combined effects of drought and migration, changes in settlement and land tenure policy, and changes in the severity of the livestock disease, trypanosomosis, which is transmitted by the tsetse fly. The scale of the causes and consequences of land-use/land-cover change varied from local to sub-national (regional) to international and the links between causes and consequences crossed scales. At the landscape scale, each cause affected the location and pattern of land use/land cover differently. The contraction of cropland increased grass biomass and cover, woody plant cover, the frequency and extent of savanna burning, and the abundance of wildlife. With recent control of the tsetse fly, these ecological changes are being reversed. These complex patterns are discussed in the context of scaling issues and current conceptual models of land-use/land-cover change.  相似文献   

The occurrence of aphid wax in peat     

R.E. Wheatley  M.P. Greaves  J.D. Russell 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1975,7(1):35-38

Small white aggregates frequently observed in peat have been studied using scanning electron microscopy and infrared absorption spectrometry. It has been shown that they are fibrous, consisting of paraffin wax and associated carbohydrate and secondary amide, and are secreted by the aphid Colopha compressa, which colonizes the roots of Eriophorum spp. growing on peat. This is the first report of the occurrence of this aphid species in Scotland.  相似文献   

LIME AND PHOSPHATE TREATMENTS FOR RECLAMATION OF HEATHER MOORLAND     

R. J. Bennett    R. D. Russell  J. E. Watkin 《Grass and Forage Science》1968,23(1):34-39

The use of lime and phosphates in reclaiming heather moorland was investigated in two experiments.
Large initial dressings of hme resulted in a rapid rise in pH. An initial dressing of 9 tons CaCO₃/ac resulted in a more rapid rise to pH 6 than did 6 tons/ac and the soil was maintained above pH 6 for a longer period. Three annual dressings of 3 tons/ac gave a slower rise in pH and a longer period above pH 6. Split treatments, half before and half after the first ploughing, gave no long–term advantage where a programme of pioneer cropping was being followed.
Basic slag and North African phosphate were as effective as superphosphate for root crops at low pH values. Basic slag was as effective as superphosphate for grassland establishment and gave a greater rise in soil phosphate. North African phosphate was virtually worthless as a source of phosphate for establishing grasses and clovers, and gave a negligible rise in soil phosphate.
Given adequate supphes of lime and phosphate, frequent small apphcations of N over the first 2 or 3 years are vital to the success of a reclamation programme under the conditions described.  相似文献   

The effect of tillage practices on the yield of Irish cobbler potatoes     

Walter C. Jacob  M. B. Russell 《American Journal of Potato Research》1952,29(6):136-141

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Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus IVb experimental infection of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and fathead minnow,Pimphales promelas (Rafinesque)     

L Al‐Hussinee  P Huber  S Russell  V LePage  A Reid  K M Young  E Nagy  R M W Stevenson  J S Lumsden 《Journal of fish diseases》2010,33(4):347-360

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The Bayesian Group Lasso for Confounded Spatial Data     

Trevor J. Hefley  Mevin B. Hooten  Ephraim M. Hanks  Robin E. Russell  Daniel P. Walsh 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2017,22(1):42-59

Generalized linear mixed models for spatial processes are widely used in applied statistics. In many applications of the spatial generalized linear mixed model (SGLMM), the goal is to obtain inference about regression coefficients while achieving optimal predictive ability. When implementing the SGLMM, multicollinearity among covariates and the spatial random effects can make computation challenging and influence inference. We present a Bayesian group lasso prior with a single tuning parameter that can be chosen to optimize predictive ability of the SGLMM and jointly regularize the regression coefficients and spatial random effect. We implement the group lasso SGLMM using efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms and demonstrate how multicollinearity among covariates and the spatial random effect can be monitored as a derived quantity. To test our method, we compared several parameterizations of the SGLMM using simulated data and two examples from plant ecology and disease ecology. In all examples, problematic levels multicollinearity occurred and influenced sampling efficiency and inference. We found that the group lasso prior resulted in roughly twice the effective sample size for MCMC samples of regression coefficients and can have higher and less variable predictive accuracy based on out-of-sample data when compared to the standard SGLMM.Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.  相似文献   

Assessing and modeling total height and diameter increment of ponderosa pine planted in Minnesota,USA     

Russell  Matthew B.  Windmuller-Campione  Marcella A.  Anderson  Brian D.  David  Andrew J. 《New Forests》2020,51(3):507-522

New Forests - Forest managers are increasingly planting non-native tree species that are adapted to anticipated future conditions such as increased droughts. This work quantified individual tree...  相似文献   

Migrations and movements of Atlantic tarpon revealed by two decades of satellite tagging     

Jiangang Luo  Jerald S. Ault  Bruce T. Ungar  Steven G. Smith  Michael F. Larkin  Thomas N. Davidson  David R. Bryan  Nicholas A. Farmer  Scott A. Holt  A. Scott Alford  Aaron J. Adams  Robert Humston  Adam S. Marton  David Mangum  Russell Kleppinger  Angel Requejo  Julian Robertson 《Fish and Fisheries》2020,21(2):290-318

Understanding large‐scale migratory behaviours, local movement patterns and population connectivity are critical to determining the natural processes and anthropogenic stressors that influence population dynamics and for developing effective conservation plans. Atlantic tarpon occur over a broad geographic range in the Atlantic Ocean where they support valuable subsistence, commercial and recreational fisheries. From 2001 through 2018, we deployed 292 satellite telemetry tags on Atlantic tarpon in coastal waters off three continents to document: (a) seasonal migrations and regional population connectivity; (b) freshwater and estuarine habitat utilization; (c) spawning locations; and (d) shark predation across the south‐eastern United States, Gulf of Mexico and northern Caribbean Sea. These results showed that some mature tarpon make long seasonal migrations over thousands of kilometres crossing state and national jurisdictional borders. Others showed more local movements and habitat use. The tag data also revealed potential spawning locations consistent with those inferred in other studies from observations of early life stage tarpon leptocephalus larvae. Our analyses indicated that shark predation mortality on released tarpon is higher than previously estimated, especially at ocean passes, river mouths and inlets to bays. To date, there has been no formal stock assessment of Atlantic tarpon, and regional fishery management plans do not exist. Our findings will provide critical input to these important efforts and assist the multinational community in the development of a stock‐wide management information system to support informed decision‐making for sustaining Atlantic tarpon fisheries.  相似文献