Current and future role of artificial insemination in the broiler industry     

S. F. Bilgili 《British poultry science》1989,30(2):455-459

1. This article addresses the current and future role of artificial insemination (AI) in the broiler industry.

2. The application and success of AI programmes in commercial broiler breeder operations are largely dependent on efficient cage management (nutrition, lighting, environment, health programmes) of both males and females.

3. Artificial insemination will remain a viable alternative for the broiler industry, which competes within the economic constraints of least‐cost production.  相似文献   

Effect of embryonic and neonatal administration of tamoxifen on adiposity in the broiler chicken     

I. Rozenboim  B. Robinzon  E. Arnon  N. Snapir 《British poultry science》1989,30(3):607-612

1. The effect of early exposure of heavy breed (HB) chicks to an anti‐oestrogen (tamoxifen—TAM) on later adiposity was studied.

2. TAM administration at the embryonic stage, but not at the day of hatching, reduced adiposity in females but not in males, at 8 to 9 weeks of age. This reduction in adiposity in females minimised or even alleviated the excess of fat in females compared to males.  相似文献   

Geriatric nutrition     

R W Markham  E M Hodgkins 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1989,19(1):165-185

In recent decades, veterinary medicine has become more successful in prolonging the healthy, useful lives of pets. As a result, the practitioner spends a greater part of each practice day caring for the geriatric animal, both healthy and unhealthy. Because of their longevity, older pets are typically regular family members, with owners who seek the finest health care possible for their pets. The practice of geriatric medicine most properly should begin not when the dog or cat reaches some specific "golden" age, but rather when the wiggly, robust puppy or kitten receives its first examination. Like all parts of a sound preventive program, geriatric nutrition best follows from a well-considered juvenile and adult nutrition program. Furthermore, once it becomes senior, the "well" geriatric is as much a candidate for a diet designed especially to accommodate old age changes as is his unhealthy contemporary. In fact, evidence suggests that appropriate dietary management of the healthy, but often subclinical, patient may help postpone the signs of dysfunction and increase quality and length of life. A knowledge of the most significant nutrients and the impact of each on aging systems is now, and will become increasingly more, important to the progressive, skillful veterinarian.  相似文献   

Simple acid-base disorders     

S A Robertson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1989,19(2):289-306

The body regulates pH closely to maintain homeostasis. The pH of blood can be represented by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pK + log [HCO3-]/PCO2 Thus, pH is a function of the ratio between bicarbonate ion concentration [HCO3-] and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). There are four simple acid base disorders: (1) Metabolic acidosis, (2) respiratory acidosis, (3) metabolic alkalosis, and (4) respiratory alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is the most common disorder encountered in clinical practice. The respiratory contribution to a change in pH can be determined by measuring PCO2 and the metabolic component by measuring the base excess. Unless it is desirable to know the oxygenation status of a patient, venous blood samples will usually be sufficient. Metabolic acidosis can result from an increase of acid in the body or by excess loss of bicarbonate. Measurement of the "anion-gap" [(Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-)], may help to diagnose the cause of the metabolic acidosis. Treatment of all acid-base disorders must be aimed at diagnosis and correction of the underlying disease process. Specific treatment may be required when changes in pH are severe (pH less than 7.2 or pH greater than 7.6). Treatment of severe metabolic acidosis requires the use of sodium bicarbonate, but blood pH and gases should be monitored closely to avoid an "overshoot" alkalosis. Changes in pH may be accompanied by alterations in plasma potassium concentrations, and it is recommended that plasma potassium be monitored closely during treatment of acid-base disturbances.  相似文献   

Bilirubin excretion and bile flow in fed and fasted Brazilian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)     

C. E. Cornelius  B. A. Myers  M. L. Bruss  J. W. George 《Veterinary research communications》1989,13(5):395-401

Fasted Brazilian squirrel monkeys (BrSMs) exhibited slightly higher serum bilirubin levels (0.30±0.05 mg/dl) than others in the fed state (0.13±0.01). The mean liver weight was 50% lower following a 22 h fast. The rate of bile flow was unaffected by fasting and averaged 13.8 l/min/kg and 47.5 l/min/100g liver in six BrSMs. No significant difference in mean bilirubin excretion/min was observed on a body weight basis following fasting. When the mean rate of bilirubin excretion was calculated as a function of liver weight, a two-fold higher rate was present in fasted monkeys, but only at the p=0.06 level of statistical significance. From data collected in this and earlier studies, it would appear that BrSMs represent the best animals studied to date to serve as experimental controls in comparative studies with Bovilian squirrel monkeys which exhibit a Gilbert-like syndrome.  相似文献   

Inflammation-related changes in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in bovine mastitis     

F. Atroshi  J. Parantainen  S. Sankari  T. Österman 《Veterinary research communications》1989,13(6):427-433

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) cocentrations in milk and plasma samples from healthy and mastitic cows were determined by radioi-immunoassay and compared with prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2 and thromboxane B2 [TXB2]), phospholipids and other relevant parameters in milk and blood. The concentrations of cAMP were about five times higher in plasma (p<0.01) than in milk, whereas the cGMP concentration in milk was three times higher (p<0.01) than that in plasma in both healthy and diseased animals. In mastitic milk, the cAMP and cGMP concentrations were 19% and 65% and in blood plasma 13% and 84% higher respectively than in healthy animals. In milk, cyclic nucleotide concentrations correlated with the markedly elevated cell count and also with the prostaglandin concentration and pH. In blood, cAMP correlated positively with phospholipids and cGMP with reduced glutathione (GSH). These changes are considered to be important in the disease process and, in particular, the increase in cGMP deserves further study.  相似文献   

Plasmids and resistance to antimicrobial agents and heavy metals in Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs and cattle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S Schwarz  H Blobel 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1989,36(9):669-673

Staphylococcus hyicus-cultures, isolated from piglets and cattle with skin lesions were investigated for their plasmid content and their resistance to antimicrobial agents and heavy metals. Several plasmids of different sizes could be detected in most of the 32 "porcine" S. hyicus-isolates, whereas none of the 20 "bovine" S. hyicus-cultures possessed any plasmid. The "porcine" S. hyicus-isolates were much more resistant to antimicrobial substances than the "bovine" S. hyicus-cultures. However, the "porcine" and "bovine" S. hyicus-cultures did not differ in their resistance to heavy metals.  相似文献   

Liver function and ryegrass staggers     

Piper EL 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1989,37(4):173-174

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Organochlorine insecticide problems in livestock   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M F Raisbeck  J D Kendall  G E Rottinghaus 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1989,5(2):391-410

1. Antidotal therapy for acute OC intoxications is symptomatic and supportive. Use sedatives to control convulsions and AC to adsorb any pesticide remaining in the gut, and wash topical exposures. 2. Published kinetics should be applied to field situations with caution. In general, residues decline relatively quickly immediately following the last exposure; thereafter, the rate slows considerably. The elimination-rate constant and, hence, the half-life of any given OC is dependent on many variables that usually are not known under field conditions. This fact may result in serious errors if literature values are relied on too heavily in predicting the outcome of "natural" contamination. As a rule of thumb, elimination data derived from animals experimentally fed to plateau concentrations may be regarded as fairly conservative for such purposes, if the contaminated animals are maintained in a normal fashion. Probably the least risky method of predicting return to marketability is using frequent samples, taken at regular intervals (for example, 1 to 2 weeks) during the first month after last exposure, to adjust literature values. 3. Residues from larger dosages and shorter exposures tend to be smaller in proportion to dose and are eliminated more quickly than those resulting from longer exposures and smaller doses. 4. Activated charcoal is of universal benefit only if given immediately after exposure. 5. Pharmaceutical modifiers of xenobiotic metabolism such as phenobarbital are of very limited value. The particular type and amount of residual OC and the potential economic benefit of therapy should be considered thoroughly before undertaking such therapy. In most cases, the expense won't be justified. 6. Mineral oil increases the fecal excretion of some OC. Fecal excretion, however, is so small in relation to total body burdens that even a several-fold increase may not be useful economically except when residue concentrations are low to start with. 7. Nutritional strategies have the advantage of being very cheap. Practitioners should remember, however, that tissue concentrations actually may increase as body fat decreases. The costs of maintaining animals for an extra 6 to 10 months should be considered before undertaking such an effort.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  相似文献   

Ultrastructural analysis of platelets and megakaryocytes from a dog with probable essential thrombocythemia     

F Tablin  N C Jain  C P Mandell  P E Hopper  J G Zinkl 《Veterinary pathology》1989,26(4):289-293

Blood platelets and bone marrow megakaryocytes from a dog with essential thrombocythemia were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and compared with those of control dogs. Platelets varied in size and shape and contained enlarged and dilated open canalicular systems. Megakaryocytes were dysmorphic and had evidence of abnormal maturation, with large numbers of megakaryoblasts containing alpha granules and poorly organized and reduplicated demarcation membranes. The fewer, more mature megakaryocytes lacked normal cytoplasmic organization. Most notable was the absence of well-demarcated "platelet fields," due to the excessive and disorderly array of demarcation membranes.  相似文献