Sugar concentration in nectar: a quantitative metric of crop attractiveness for refined pollinator risk assessments          下载免费PDF全文

Loren D Knopper  Tereza Dan  Dominic D Reisig  Josephine D Johnson  Lisa M Bowers 《Pest management science》2016,72(10):1807-1812

Those involved with pollinator risk assessment know that agricultural crops vary in attractiveness to bees. Intuitively, this means that exposure to agricultural pesticides is likely greatest for attractive plants and lowest for unattractive plants. While crop attractiveness in the risk assessment process has been qualitatively remarked on by some authorities, absent is direction on how to refine the process with quantitative metrics of attractiveness. At a high level, attractiveness of crops to bees appears to depend on several key variables, including but not limited to: floral, olfactory, visual and tactile cues; seasonal availability; physical and behavioral characteristics of the bee; plant and nectar rewards. Notwithstanding the complexities and interactions among these variables, sugar content in nectar stands out as a suitable quantitative metric by which to refine pollinator risk assessments for attractiveness. Provided herein is a proposed way to use sugar nectar concentration to adjust the exposure parameter (with what is called a crop attractiveness factor) in the calculation of risk quotients in order to derive crop‐specific tier I assessments. This Perspective is meant to invite discussion on incorporating such changes in the risk assessment process. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

基于高光谱和BP神经网络的玉米叶片SPAD值遥感估算   总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11  

李媛媛  常庆瑞  刘秀英  严林  罗丹  王烁 《农业工程学报》2016,32(16):135-142

为了进一步提高玉米叶绿素含量的高光谱估算精度,该文测定了西北地区玉米乳熟期叶片的光谱反射率及其对应的叶绿素相对含量（soil and plant analyzer development,SPAD）值,分析了一阶微分光谱、高光谱特征参数与 SPAD的相关关系,构建了基于一阶微分光谱、高光谱特征参数和 BP 神经网络的 SPAD 估算模型,并对模型进行验证;再结合主成分回归（principal component regression,PCR）、偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）以及传统回归模型与 BP 神经网络模型进行比较。结果表明：SPAD 值与一阶微分光谱在763nm 处具有最大相关系数（R=0.901）;以763 nm 处的一阶微分值、蓝边内最大一阶微分为自变量建立的传统回归模型可用于玉米叶片 SPAD 估算;将构建传统回归模型时筛选到的光谱参数作为输入,实测 SPAD 值作为输出,构建 BP 神经网络模型,其建模与验模 R2分别为0.887和0.896,RMSE 为2.782,RE 为4.59%,与其他回归模型相比,BP 神经网络模型预测精度最高,研究表明 BP 神经网络对叶绿素具有较好的预测能力,是估算玉米叶片 SPAD 值的一种实时高效的方法。  相似文献   

茉莉酸甲酯对棉花抗旱效果的影响     

杨艺  常丹  王艳  张富春 《西北农业学报》2016,25(9):1333-1341

为探讨茉莉酸甲酯(Methyl Jasmonate,MeJA)对棉花抗旱作用的影响,采用质量分数为2.5%聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理,检测MeJA对干旱胁迫下棉花的含水量、光合作用、渗透胁迫和抗氧化损伤的生理生化指标。结果表明:2.5μmol·L-1 MeJA处理能够使干旱胁迫下棉花的相对含水量和总叶绿素质量分数分别增加22.11%和40.58%,渗透调节性物质甜菜碱、可溶性糖和脯氨酸的质量分数均显著增加,但渗透势降低20.29%,抗坏血酸质量分数增加38.19%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别升高28.54%和46.19%,但O~-·2、H_2O_2则分别降低43.71%和84.85%,显著降低丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度和相对电导率。而加入MeJA的抑制剂水杨苷异羟肟酸(SHAM)后,消除了MeJA对棉花抗旱性的促进效应。说明MeJA通过调节渗透胁迫和氧化损伤提高棉花的抗旱性。MeJA能够在生产实践中用于提高棉花的抗旱性。  相似文献   

产雌马酚梭菌C1对小鸡沙门氏菌攻毒保护效果     

尹业师  方丹  朱立颖  刘伟  吴健  王欣 《浙江农业学报》2016,28(2):234

部分梭菌对机体的免疫系统具有明显的调节作用,可开发成新型益生菌。由于鸡盲肠内容物中梭菌含量较高,从小鸡肓肠内容物中分离培养功能性梭状芽孢杆菌,并在小鸡中初步研究其对沙门氏菌攻毒的保护效果。该研究首先采用梭菌选择性培养基,从小鸡肓肠内容物中分离获得了一株可以将大豆素转化为雌马酚的革兰氏阳性纤维状梭菌C1,以四环素为对照,研究梭菌C1对小鸡沙门氏菌攻毒的保护作用。结果表明,梭菌C1组和四环素组均具有降低肓肠内容物中沙门氏菌活菌数和促进小鸡生长的功能,推测梭菌C1具有开发为四环素替代品的潜能。虽然较高浓度的S 雌马酚（5 mg·mL-1）在体外对沙门氏菌有一定的抑制作用,梭菌C1也具有将大豆素转化为雌马酚的能力,但梭菌C1在体外对沙门氏菌的抑制作用并不明显,其益生机制还有待进一步研究。  相似文献   

吉林农业大学校园典型空间植物景观分析     

孙晓刚  吴丹  郑璐 《安徽农业科学》2016,(5):206-209

该研究以吉林农业大学校园典型空间木本植物景观为研究对象,将校园划分为行政办公区、教学科研区、学生生活区、体育活动区和公共休闲区5个主要功能区,采用实地调查法和层次分析法,对各功能区植物景观生态性、景观性进行分析。结果表明:吉林农业大学各功能区植物种类丰富,但常绿树种应用不足;校园植物观赏特性相对较好,但公共休闲区和学生生活区植物观赏特性欠佳,植物景观有待进一步提升。在此基础上提出吉林农业大学应完善植物生活型的比例,增加观赏性植物比例,以此提高校园植物景观效果。  相似文献   

基于PBL教学理念的生药学教学实践与思考     

朱丹  李琼  林军 《安徽农业科学》2016,(11):286-288

生药学是一门专业基础课,涉及知识点多,学生理解记忆困难。笔者针对生药学的学科特点和教学不足,在课堂教学中引入以问题为基础的PBL教学理念,从课前准备到课堂教学,引导学生自主学习。通过对学生的问卷调查结果和考试成绩分析,表明在生药学教学中运用PBL教学法,能有效提高教学质量,培养学生的专业学习兴趣。  相似文献   

长白山典型森林土壤黑碳含量及不同组分中的分布特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

孙金兵  桑英  宋金凤  崔晓阳 《林业科学研究》2016,29(1):34-40

[目的]通过实地采样对黑碳进行量化研究。[方法]利用相对密度分组方法探讨了长白山典型森林土壤黑碳含量及在不同有机碳组分中的分布特征。[结果]表明:黑碳(BC)含量在表层(A₁₁)、亚表层(A₁₂)分别为6.39~16.55 g·kg^-1、1.44~6.16 g·kg^-1,随土壤深度的增加而显著下降(p﹤0.01)。在A₁₁、A₁₂层中,轻组有机碳(LFOC)平均含量分别为66.66 g·kg^-1、6.65 g·kg^-1,轻组黑碳(LFBC)平均含量分别为5.63 g·kg^-1、1.21 g·kg^-1,同时,LFBC/LFOC在A₁₂层(10.02%~34.89%)显著高于A₁₁层(6.99%~14.45%)(p﹤0.01);A₁₁、A₁₂层重组有机碳(HFOC)平均含量分别为49.16 g·kg^-1、36.55 g·kg^-1,重组黑碳(HFBC)平均含量分别为2.69 g·kg^-1、1.44 g·kg^-1,HFBC/HFOC在A₁₁层(3.36%~8.08%)和A₁₂层(3.21%~7.58%)之间没有显著差异(p>0.05)。另外,土壤中LFBC/LFOC显著高于HFBC/HFOC(p﹤0.01),LFBC/BC显著高于HFBC/BC(p﹤0.01)。[结论]长白山典型森林土壤中黑碳的含量、比例均较高;土壤表层(A₁₁)有机碳、黑碳含量及各组分有机碳、黑碳含量均高于亚表层(A₁₂),均随着土层加深而显著降低;轻组、重组有机碳中均含有一定比例的黑碳,黑碳主要分布在轻组分中;轻组、重组有机碳与组分中黑碳均显著相关,轻组中相关系数大于重组。  相似文献   

杭州西湖湖滨景区游人行为规律观察结果与分析          下载免费PDF全文

王丹  史琰  包志毅 《中国城市林业》2016,14(2):59-62

以杭州西湖风景名胜区湖滨景区为对象,采取行为观察法从游人活动时间、游人空间利用、游憩活动类型3方面对游人行为进行研究,总结湖滨景区的游人行为规律,以期更好地引导游人的游憩行为。  相似文献   

Ranking Authors and Institutions by Publications in Regional Science Journals: 2010–2014          下载免费PDF全文

Dan S. Rickman  John V. Winters 《Growth and change》2016,47(2):312-336

In this paper, authors and institutions are ranked based on the number of publications in 10 core regional science journals during the period 2010–2014. Alternative rankings are constructed by considering only publications in the top four of the 10 journals and also by adjusting for journal impact factors. Two impact factors are calculated for each regional science journal. The first is based on citations by the other nine core regional science journals, and the second by citations from all journals in the database Scopus. Discussion is included regarding the patterns and consistency of the rankings across alternative criteria. Comparisons also are made to previous regional science publication rankings of authors and institutions.  相似文献   

Mapping and candidate gene analysis for a new top spikelet abortion mutant in rice          下载免费PDF全文

Shukun Jiang  Jiayu Wang  Dan Liu  Lili Chen  Xijuan Zhang  Fan Xu  Shichen Sun  Hui Jiang  Guohua Ding  Tongtong Wang  Liangming Bai  Fengming Zhang  Zhengjin Xu 《Plant Breeding》2016,135(2):155-165

Grain numbers is one of the determinations for rice yield and directly associated with spikelet numbers per panicle and its normal development. Lots of genes responsible for spikelet numbers and spikelet early development have been identified, but the molecular information about the spikelet development at later development is still limited. Here, we isolated a rice spikelet abnormal development mutant, which shows degenerated spikelet at the top panicle and named aborted top spikelet mutant 1(Ats1). The spikelets derived from the middle and bottom branches per panicle of Ats1 show normal development with those of wild type. However, a large number of branches and spikelets with arrested development were often observed only on apex panicle. The abnormality did not appear until the stage In8 when rachises elongate rapidly and reproductive organs get mature, based on observations through SEM analysis. The aborted spikelet could develop the complete floral organs with a pair of rudimentary glume, a pair of empty glume, two lodicule, six stamens and one carpel. But all these floral organs did not develop maturity. Genetic analysis on two F₂ populations indicated that the Ats1 was controlled by a single dominant gene. By using bulked segregant analysis of F₂ population developed from Ats1 crossing with Songjing6, ATS1 was mapped on chromosome 8 between RM3819 and RM5556. Then, the fine mapping was performed with 1078 F₂ population developed from Ats1 and IR36. The ATS1 locus was finely mapped in an 85.7 kb region between RM22448 and STS8‐2 with 8 genes according to the rice annotation project database. Sequence analysis of the candidate genes within the delimited region of the Ats1 and Akihikari showed two‐nucleotide changes, including single‐nucleotide substitutions corresponding to an amino acid substitution from asparagine to lysine acid in exons 3 and a 1‐bp deletion resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 22 at the candidate gene, LOC_Os08g06480. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker, CAPS‐ats1, was developed from the 1‐bp deletion site. The complete cosegregation of the CAPS genotypes with the matching phenotypes were observed in the F₂ populations. This suggested that Os08g06480 is most likely the ATS1 gene. These results will provide more information for better understanding of the molecular mechanism governing top spikelet abortion within a short developmental period.  相似文献