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pi-Conjugated polymers that are electrochemically cycled in ionic liquids have enhanced lifetimes without failure (up to 1 million cycles) and fast cycle switching speeds (100 ms). We report results for electrochemical mechanical actuators, electrochromic windows, and numeric displays made from three types of pi-conjugated polymers: polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. Experiments were performed under ambient conditions, yet the polymers showed negligible loss in electroactivity. These performance advantages were obtained by using environmentally stable, room-temperature ionic liquids composed of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium cations together with anions such as tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate.  相似文献   
84.
There are few reports which were designed to compare the survival rate of human primary follicles with primordial follicles after cryopreservation. This study was designed to evaluate whether such a difference occurs. Human ovarian biopsies were cryopreserved using dimethylsulphoxide/sucrose as the cryoprotectants. Fresh and cryopreserved ovarian samples were evaluated for viability differences between the two types of follicles using the endpoints of histology, ultrastructure and DNA fragmentation. In comparison with fresh ovarian tissue (83.9% ± 10.0%), the percentage of morphologically normal primordial follicles was not significantly different in cryopreserved tissue (73.9% ± 17.2%). However, a lower percentage of primary follicles with normal morphology was seen in the cryopreserved group (43.3% ± 25.7% vs 74.8% ± 19.4% for the fresh group). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cryopreservation did not appear to affect the structural integrity of primordial follicles; however, varying ultrastructural damage to the cytoplasm was observed in the majority of the cryopreserved primary follicles. Using a DNA fragmentation assay, the percentage of apoptotic primordial and primary follicles in the unfrozen (26.3% and 20%) and frozen (23.3% and 25%) ovarian tissue was similar. A higher proportion of primary follicles, compared to primordial follicles, suffer histological damage after slow freezing.  相似文献   
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Small mammals were sampled along altitudinal gradients in two mountain localities, the Swartberg and Baviaanskloof, in the southern Cape in summer 1977–1978. Species composition varied according to altitude and aspect with a total catch of six rodent and two shrew species. Correlations were found between abundance of rodent species and habitat variables, particularly vegetation structure and the cover of rock and bare soil. Rodent species diversity was negatively correlated with the proportion of total foliage at low to mid heights (40 - 80 cm). Factors controlling apparent habitat preferences are discussed together with modes of rodent niche separation. Extrapolation of the results is limited by the single season and restricted geographical coverage of the survey.  相似文献   
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An experiment using 32 pigs in a 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effects on the (1) level of iron dextran supplementation, (2) iv infusion of an Escherichia coli 263 culture filtrate and (3) presence of E. coli 263 in a ligated intestinal segment, on the ability of the young pig to limit systemic Fe availability. Iron dextran was administered im 3 d postpartum. Culture filtrate was infused iv, E. coli were injected into ligated intestines and blood sampling was started at 14 d postpartum. Blood was taken every 2 h for 22 h, after which pigs were euthanized and livers, spleens and kidneys were removed. Pigs receiving 400 mg of iron dextran (HiFe) exhibited greater serum Fe (SFe) and lower total Fe-binding capacity (TIBC) than pigs injected with 100 mg Fe (LoFe). The effects of the E. coli culture filtrate infusion appeared to be associated with endotoxin-induced circulatory shock. The presence of E. coli in the intestine increased TIBC in LoFe pigs, but not in HiFe pigs. The increase in TIBC coincided with the time of maximal fluid secretion into the intestine. Intestinal E. coli also caused an increase in liver Fe content, particularly in HiFe pigs. These data suggest that intestinal E. coli can cause a shift of Fe from the plasma to the reticuloendothelial system, and pigs receiving high supplemental dosages of Fe are less able to limit the availability of Fe to microorganisms.  相似文献   
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Calves were given viable Taenia saginata eggs by stomach tube and slaughtered 12, 16 or 24 weeks later. The cysticerci-infected carcasses were frozen at six different temperatures for variable lenghts of time. Meat samples were then allowed to thaw at room temperature and the cysticerci were manually isolated. Criteria of viablity of the metacestodes were scolex evagination and peristaltic movements of the bladder wall. Sixteen and especially 12-week-old cysticerci were much more susceptible to the lethal effects of freezing than were 24-week-old cysticerci. The time and temperature combinations required to ensure death of all cysticerci were 360 h at ?5°C, 216 h at ?10°C, and 144 h at ?15°C or lower.  相似文献   
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