Colloidal graphite in the preparation of samples for gas-flow counting     

REID AF  ROBBINS MC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1952,116(3006):148-149

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Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand     

NR Perkins  SWJ Reid  RS Morris 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(3):171-183

AIM: To investigate risk factors for injury to musculoskeletal structures of the lower fore- and hind-limbs of Thoroughbred horses training and racing in New Zealand.

METHODS: A case-control study analysed by logistic regression was used to compare explanatory variables for musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) in racehorses. The first dataset, termed the Training dataset, involved 459 first-occurrence cases of lower-limb MSI in horses in training, and the second, the Starting dataset, comprised a subset of those horses that had started in at least one trial or race in the training preparation that ended with MSI (n=294). All training preparations for horses that did not suffer from MSI for which complete data were available were used in the analyses as controls, and provided 2,181 and 1,639 preparations for the Training and Starting datasets, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors, and results were reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS: Horses aged ≥5 years were at higher risk of injury than 2-year-olds. Elevated odds of MSI occurred in horses in the Starting dataset that were training in the 1997–1998 year compared with the 1999–2000 year, and in those horses where trials comprised >20% of all starts in a preparation. Training preparations that ended in winter, and horses in their third or later training preparation, had lower odds of MSI compared with those ending in other seasons or the first preparation, respectively. Reduced odds of MSI were observed in preparations in which starts occurred compared with those that had no starts, and in the Starting dataset, preparations that included more than one start had a reduced likelihood of MSI compared with preparations that had only one start. In the Training dataset, preparations longer than 20 weeks were associated with reduced odds of MSI compared with those shorter than 20 weeks.

Cumulative racing distance in the last 30 days of a training preparation was best modelled with linear and quadratic terms. Results indicated that increasing cumulative racing distances were associated with an initial reduction in the odds of MSI that then levelled out and finally appeared to increase again as the explanatory variable continued to increase. The risk of MSI varied significantly between trainers.

CONCLUSION: This study identified intrinsic (age) and extrinsic risk factors for MSI in training and racing Thoroughbreds in New Zealand. The risk of MSI initially decreased, then increased, as cumulative racing distance increased. Significant variation between trainers indicated management and training methods influence the risk of MSI.  相似文献   

Egg and larval distributions of seven fish species in north-east Atlantic waters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

L. IBAIBARRIAGA  X. IRIGOIEN  M. SANTOS  L. MOTOS  J. M. FIVES  C. FRANCO  A. LAGO DE LANZÓS  S. ACEVEDO  M. BERNAL  N. BEZ  G. ELTINK  A. FARINHA  C. HAMMER  S. A. IVERSEN  S. P. MILLIGAN  D. G. REID 《Fisheries Oceanography》2007,16(3):284-293

The distribution of egg and larvae of mackerel, horse mackerel, sardine, hake, megrim, blue whiting and anchovy along the European Atlantic waters (south Portugal to Scotland) during 1998 is described. Time of the year, sea surface temperature and bottom depth are used to define the spawning habitat of the different species. Mackerel, horse mackerel, and sardine eggs and larvae presented the widest distribution, whereas megrim and anchovy showed a limited distribution, restricted to the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay respectively. Correspondingly mackerel, horse mackerel and sardine showed the highest aggregation indices. Blue whiting larvae were found at the lowest temperatures, whereas anchovy eggs and larvae were found in the warmest waters. The analysis is a basis for evaluation of ongoing changes in the pelagic ecosystem of the north‐east Atlantic.  相似文献   

Absence of antibody to enzootic bovine leucosis virus in dairy cattle in South Australia     

R W NEWLANDS  P G SURMAN  E. DANIELS  M A REID 《Australian veterinary journal》1988,65(2):65-66

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Location and Spread of Orf Virus Antigen in Infected Ovine Skin     

DAVID McEWAN JENKINSON  PAULINE E. McEWAN  VICTOR A. MOSS  HUGH Y. ELDER  HUGH W. REID. 《Veterinary dermatology》1990,1(4):189-195

Abstract— Studies of the distribution of orf antigen in ovine skin following scarification and infection indicate that the virus does not immediately replicate in the damaged epithelium; antigen first appears immediately under the stratum corneum at the centre of a newly-formed epidermis which develops to cover the wound. It now seems likely that the virus initially infects the cells of the stratum basale at the margins of the wound and is transferred to the daughter cells which traverse across the exposed dermis to form the basis of the new epidermis. Replication appears to begin during differentiation of the new epidermis at a stage which has still to be identified. The infection spreads laterally and uniformly from the new epidermis, initially in the outer stratum spinosum and subsequently throughout the entire depth of the epidermis except the stratum basale. A similar pattern of spread occurs in the hair follicle but only to a level above that of the sebaceous gland duct. Résumé— Les études sur la distribution de l'antigène de l'ecthyma dans la peau de mouton après scarification et infection indiquent que le virus ne se réplique pas immédiatement dans l'épithélium endommagé; l'antigène apparaît d'abord immédiatement sur la couche cornée au centre d'un épidemic néoformé qui se développe pour recouvrir la blessure. Il apparaît maintenant probable que le virus infecte initialement les cellules de la couche basale aux marges de la blessure et qu'il est transmis aux cellules filles qui franchissent le derme mis à nu pour former la base du nouvel épiderme. La réplication semble commencer durant la différentiation du nouvel épiderme à un stade qui n'est pas encore identifié. L'infection s'étend latéralement et uniformément à partir du nouvel épiderme, au départ dans la partie externe de la couche de Malpighi puls ensuite à travers toute l'épaisseur de l'épiderme sauf la couche basale. Un phénomène d'extension similaire se produit dans le follicule pileux mais seulement au dessus du niveau des canaux sébacés. Zussammenfassung— Untersuchungen über die Verteilung von orf-Antigenen in der Haut von Schafen nach Skarifikation und Infektion zeigen, daß sich das Virus nicht safort im beschädigten Epithel vermehrt; Antigen ist zuerst direkt uriter dem Stratum corneum im Mittelpunkt einer neu gebildeten Epidermis, die sich zur Abdeckung der Wunde bildet, zu finden. Es scheint jetzt wahrscheinlich, daß das Virus zunächst die Zellen des Stratum basale im Randbereich der Wunde infizieret und dann auf Tochterzellen übertragen wird, die die exponierte Dermis überqueren, um eine neue Epidermis zu bilden. Die Replikation scheint während der Differenzierungsphase der neuen Epidermis zu einem Zeitpunkt zu beginnen, der noch genauer bestimmt werden muß. Die Infektion breitet sich lateral und gleichmäßig von der neuen Epidermis aus, und zwar anfänglich im äußeren Bereich des Stratum spinosum und anschließend durch die gesamte Tiefe der Epidermis mit Ausnahme des Stratum basale. Ein ähnliches Ausbreitungsmuster gibt es im Haarfollikel, jedoch nur bis oberhalb des Ausführungsganges der Talgdrüse. Resumen Los estudios realizados sobre la distributión del antígeno orf en la piel de oveja después de infección mediante escarificación indican que el virus no se replica de forma inmediata en el epitelio lesionado; el antígeno aparece en primer lugar debajo del estrato córneo en la región central de un epitelio neoformado que se desarrolla para cubrir la zona herida. Parece ser que el virus incialmente infecta las células del estrato basal de los márgenes de la herida y que después es transferido a las células hijas que se desplazan por encima de la dermis para formar la nueva epidermis. La replicación parece inciarse durante la diferenciación de la nueva epidermis, en un estadío que todavía no se ha identificado. La infección se extiende lateralmente de una forma uniforme a partir de la nueva epidermis, en principio en el estrato espinoso y posteriormente a toda la epidermis excepto al estrato basal. Un patrón similar de extensión se observa en los folículos pilosos, aunque sólo por encima de la glándula sebacea.  相似文献   

Superphosphate and its effect on bone fluoride concentrations in sheep     

RW MASON  RND REID †  PG BROWN 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(4):120-121

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Differential Appearance of Interferon-γ and Colony Stimulating Activity in Afferent Versus Efferent Lymph following Orf Virus Infection of Sheep     

DAVID HAIG  GARY ENTRICAN  DAVID YIRRELL  DAVID DEANE  HUGH R. P. MILLER  MARY NORVAL†  HUGH W. REID 《Veterinary dermatology》1992,3(6):221-229

Abstract— Following dermal infection of previously sensitized sheep with orf virus, differences in cell phenotype and kinetics are observed in afferent lymph flowing into the local lymph node compared to efferent lymph exiting the node. Afferent lymphocytes in five out of six sheep synthesized IFN-γ (an indicator of T-cell activation) 10–30 h. after challenge, whereas none was synthesised by efferent lymphocytes until 4–11 days after infection when production was intermittent and variable. Both afferent (five out of six) and efferent (six out of seven) lymph plasmas contained IFN-γ at 10–30 h. but none was found in efferent lymph after 30 h. Colony stimulating activity (an indicator of immunoinflammatory responses) in both lymph compartments was biphasic peaking at 10–30 h. with a later peak which coincided with a lymphoblast response. The results are consistent with an early memory T-cell response in the dermis and afferent lymph followed by recruitment of antigen-specific lymphocytes from the blood, and activation within the node. Résumé— Après infection dermique de noutons préalablement sensibilisés ail virus de l'ecthyma contagieux, des differences de phénotype cellulaire et de cinétique ont été observés entre le flux lymphotique afférent au ganglion local et la lymphe quittant le ganglion. Les lymphocytes afférents chez cinq des six moutons synthétisaient de l'IFNγà 10–30 h mais aucun n'a été retrouvé dans la lymphe efférente à 30 h. L'activité de stimulation de colonie (un indicateur des réponses immunoinflammatoires) dans les deux compartiments lymphatiques suivait deux pics à 10 et 30 h avec un dernier pic qui coïncidait avec la réponse lymphoblastique. Les résultats sont compatibles avec une réponse précoce de cellules T mémoire dans le derme et les lymphatiques afférents suivie par le recrutement de lymphocytes spécifiques de l'antigène dans le sang, et leur activation dans les ganglions. Zusammenfassung— Nach einer dermalen Infektion von vorber sensibilisierten Schafen mit Orf Virus konnten Unterschiede im Zell Phänotyp und in der Kinetik der afferenten Lymphe (in den örtlichen Lymphknoten fließend) gegenüber der efferenten Lymphe (aus dem Lymphknoten abfließend) gemessen werden. Die afferenten Lymphozyten synthetisierten bei 5 von 6 Schafen IFN-y (ein Indikator der T-Zell Aktivierung) 10 bis 30 Stunden nach der Infektion, während keines von der efferenten Lymphozyten synthetisiert wurde; erst 4 bis 11 Tage nach der Infektion zeigte sich eine intermittierende und variable Produktion. Sowohl bie 5 von 6 afferenten wie bei 6 von 7 efferenten Proben enthielt das Lymphplasma IFN-y nach 10 bis 30 Studen, aber keines in den efferenten Proben nach 30 Studen. Die “Kolonie-stimulierende Akrivität” als ein Indikator für Immuminflammatorische Reaktionen zeigte in beiden Lympharten einen zweiphasigen Peak nach 10 bis 30 Stunden, wobei der spätere Peak mit der Lymphoblastenreaktion zusdammen fiel. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen für eine frühe Reaktion der Memory-T-Zellen in der Dermis und der afferenten Lymphe mit anschließender Rekrutierung Antigen-spezifischer Lymphozyten aus dem Blut und Aktivierung innerhalb des Lymphknotens. Resumen Después de la infección dérmica de ovejas previamente sensibilizadas con el virus Orf, se obsevaron las diferencias en el fenotipo y quinética celular de de los nódolus aferentes que desembocaban en los nódulos locales, comparados con los de tipo eferente. Los linfocitos aferentes de 5/6 ovejas sintetizaron IFN-y, (un indicador de la activación de los linfocitos T), después de 10–30 horas, pero no se encontró alguno en los linfocitos eferentes hasta los días 4–11 después de la infección, cuando la producción era intermitente y variable. Ambos plasmas linfocíticos, aferente (5/6) y eferente (6/7), contenían IFN-y a las 10–30 horas, pero no se encontró alguno en los eferentes hasta después de las 30 horas. En ambos compartimentos linfáticos la actividad estimulante de la colonia, (un indicador de respuesta inmunoinflamatoria), presentó un máximo de tipo bifásico a las 10–30 horas con otro máximo tardío, que coincidió con la respuesta de tipo linfoblástico. Los resultados corresponden con una respuesta de los linfocitos T de memora temprana en la dermis y los nódulos linfáticos aferentes, seguidos por un flujo de linfocitos antígeno-específicos procedentes de la sangre y activación dentro del nódulo linfático.  相似文献   

Granulocytic Leukemia in a Cat     

JAMES S. REID  LEONARD C. MARCUS 《The Journal of small animal practice》1966,7(6):421-425

Abstract— Granulocytic leukemia was diagnosed in a 41/2-yr-old, male domestic cat that died following an acute illness characterized by malaise, anorexia, anemia, very high white blood cell count, palpable lymphadenopathy, development of subcutaneous leukemic nodules, and terminal neurologic signs. Leukemic involvement of liver and spleen were found post mortem.
Résumé— Un cas de leucémie granulocytique fut diagnostiqué chez un chat domestique, agé de 4 ans et demi, qui mourut après une maladie aigue, caracterisée par des malaises, de l'anorexie, de l'anémie et une forte leucocytose, des ganglions; apparition de nodules leucémiques sous-cutanés, et des symptomes neurologiques terminaux.
A l'autopsie on trouva des signes de leucémie dans le foie et la rate.
Zusammenfassung— Eine Granulocytenleukämie wurde an einer 41/2 jahrigen männlichen Hauskatze diagnostiziert. Sie starb nach einer akuten Erkrankung, die durch Schwächegefühl, Appetitlosigkeit, Anämie, starke Leukocytose, fühlbare Lymphdrüsenvergrösserung, Entwicklung von subkutaner leukämischer Knotenbilding und durch terminale neurologische Veränderungen charak-terisiert war. Bei der Sektion fanden sich leukämische Veränderungen in der Milz und Leber.  相似文献   

Codeposition of dNTPs Detection for Rapid LAMP-based Sexing of Bovine Embryos   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Z-P Zhang  Y Zhang  J-P Liu  J-T Zhang  Z-X An  F-S Quan  L Zhang  X Cai  SWJ Pu 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(1):116-121

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel nucleic acid amplification method with high specificity and rapidity under isothermal conditions. According to the LAMP method, a rapid and simple detection system was established for bovine embryo sexing. Two sets of primers were designed by targeting the bovine male-specific sequence and bovine common sequence respectively. The reaction condition of the detection system was optimized within 60 min under isothermal conditions of 65°C by detection of the reaction mixture on agarose gel. Especially, the primers F2 and B2 could replace the F3 and B3 as outer primers, making the primer design simpler and the amplification efficiency higher. Additionally, codeposition of dNTPs was firstly performed to detect the reaction products by addition of 1 μl 0.1 m m CuSO₄, the visible ring-shaped deposit was found in the middle of the reaction tube with negative mixture. It could be employed as an alternative method in the detection of the reaction products in place of the time-consuming electrophoresis or the turbidity meter. Furthermore, the embryo sexing system was carried out in the embryo transfer and achieved 98% of efficiency and 99.5% of accuracy.  相似文献   

Winter water regimes of clay soils     

I. REID  R. J. PARKINSON 《European Journal of Soil Science》1987,38(3):473-481

Autumnal recharge of water in a clay soil is prolonged, taking >3 months. Once thoroughly re-wetted, mean winter water contents lie within 0.5% v/v year by year at each site, and variability during the winter period is low, with SE = 0.2%. The uniformity of winter soil water content reflects the important part played by macropores as rapid transmission pathways for the disposal of rainwater. Weekly changes in water content are small but are inversely related to antecedent levels and the soil may become marginally drier from one week to the next despite substantial falls of rain if the soil begins the period at moisture contents higher than the seasonal mean. This behaviour has been observed in other clays and in lighter textured soils. The constancy of the mean winter soil water content provides a practical measure of the upper limit of plant-available water, i.e. field capacity. It can be established by field sampling on as few as six occasions, and is free from the problems associated with plot irrigation and tension table methods of determining field capacity.  相似文献