Closing the compliance gap in marine protected areas with human behavioural sciences     

Brock J. Bergseth  Adrian Arias  Michele L. Barnes  Iain Caldwell  Amber Datta  Stefan Gelcich  Sam H. Ham  Jacqueline D. Lau  Cristina Ruano-Chamorro  Patrick Smallhorn-West  Damian Weekers  Jessica Zamborain-Mason  Joshua E. Cinner 《Fish and Fisheries》2023,24(4):695-704

Advocates, practitioners and policy-makers continue to use and advocate for marine protected areas (MPAs) to meet global ocean protection targets. Yet many of the worlds MPAs, and especially no-take MPAs, are plagued by poaching and ineffective governance. Using a global dataset on coral reefs as an example, we quantify the potential ecological gains of governing MPAs to increase compliance, which we call the ‘compliance gap’. Using ecological simulations based on model posteriors of joint Bayesian hierarchical models, we demonstrate how increased compliance in no-take MPAs could nearly double target fish biomass (91% increases in median fish biomass), and result in a 292% higher likelihood of encountering top predators. Achieving these gains and closing the compliance gap necessitates a substantial shift in approach and practice to go beyond optimizing enforcement, and towards governing for compliance. This will require engaging and integrating a broad suite of actors, principles, and practices across three key domains: (i)) harnessing social influence, (ii) integrating equity principles, and (iii) aligning incentives through market-based instruments. Empowering and shaping communication between actor groups (e.g., between fishers, practitioners, and policy-makers) using theoretically underpinned approaches from the behavioural sciences is one of the most essential, but often underserved aspects of governing MPAs. We therefore close by highlighting how this cross-cutting tool could be further integrated in governance to bolster high levels of compliance in MPAs.  相似文献   

Evaluation of On-Arrival versus Prompted Metaphylaxis Regimes Using Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid for Feedlot Heifers at Risk of Developing Bovine Respiratory Disease     

Johnson JC  Bryson WL  Barringer S  Hunsaker BD 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2008,9(1):53-62

This study was designed to compare morbidity and mortality due to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in 1,400 ranch-fresh, northern US calves that received either no metaphylaxis (MTX) (Group 1), MTX prompted by pen morbidity (Group 2), MTX prompted by a decline in feed intake (Group 3), or on-arrival MTX (Group 4). Ceftiofur crystalline free acid (6.6 mg/kg) was the MTX antimicrobial used. Decreased feed intake did not meet the study threshold, so Groups 1 and 3 were combined into a single control group. The percentage of calves not treated for BRD was 14% to 15% higher in Groups 4 and 2 (72.7% and 73.4%, respectively) compared with the controls (58.2%; P less than or equal to .02). Mortality was numerically higher in Group 2 (3.4%) compared with Groups 4 and 1 (0.9% and 1.6%, respectively). There were no differences in average daily gain or feed consumption. In northern, ranch-fresh calves, MTX as a health management practice reduces the incidence of BRD and has better utility when performed on-arrival versus relying on morbidity as a signal for timing antimicrobial administration.  相似文献   

The reptilian thyroid and parathyroid glands.     

Sam Rivera  Brad Lock 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2008,11(1):163-75, viii

The field of reptilian clinical endocrinology is still in its infancy. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are intimately involved with many basic metabolic functions. These glands have been the subject of extensive research studies in reptilian species; however, the effects of abnormal gland function have been poorly documented in clinical cases. These glands play a major role in maintaining physiologic homeostasis in all vertebrates. With the advent of more sensitive assays, it should be possible to measure the small amounts of hormones found in reptilian species. The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding clinical endocrinology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in reptiles.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratio on nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites of Hanwoo heifers          下载免费PDF全文

Dong Hyeon Kim  Hyuk Jun Lee  Sardar M. Amanullah  Adegbola T. Adesogan  Sam Churl Kim 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(1):46-53

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of dietary n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid (FA) ratio on digestibility, blood metabolites and FA profile of Hanwoo heifers. Fifteen Hanwoo heifers (22 ± 3 months old; 357 ± 69.7 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments with n‐6/n‐3 FA ratios of 2.07, 5.18 and 7.37. The animals were housed individually in digestion crates and fed total mixed rations at 2.2% of body weight for 2 weeks of adaptation and 1 week of collection. Treatment effects on in vivo digestibility, plasma metabolite and fatty acid profiles, and in vitro ruminal fermentation and fatty acid profiles were examined. In vivo digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary n‐6/n‐3 FA ratio. However, in vitro dry matter digestibility and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and propionate decreased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing n‐6/n‐3 FA ratio. Plasma insulin and progesterone increased linearly (P < 0.05), but linolenic acid and total n‐3 FA decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing n‐6/n‐3 ratio. Increasing the dietary n‐6/n‐3 FA ratio can increase the n‐6/n‐3 FA ratio in plasma and ruminal fluid as well as plasma progesterone secretion.  相似文献   

The use of traits to interpret responses to large scale - edge effects: a study of epigaeic beetle assemblages across a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> forest and pine plantation edge     

Maldwyn John Evans  Sam C. Banks  Kendi F. Davies  Jeff Mcclenahan  Brett Melbourne  Don A. Driscoll 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(8):1815-1831

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Detection and seroprevalence of morbillivirus and other paramyxoviruses in geriatric cats with and without evidence of azotemic chronic kidney disease          下载免费PDF全文

Katie Elizabeth McCallum  Sam Stubbs  Nicholas Hope  Ian Mickleburgh  Dave Dight  Laurence Tiley  Tim L. Williams 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2018,32(3):1100-1108

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Effects of hybrid and bacterial inoculation on fermentation quality and fatty acid profile of barley silage          下载免费PDF全文

Dong Hyeon Kim  Sardar M. Amanullah  Hyuk Jun Lee  Young Ho Joo  Ouk Kyu Han  Adegbola T. Adesogan  Sam Churl Kim 《Animal Science Journal》2018,89(1):140-148

This study estimated the effects of hybrid and bacterial inoculant on fermentation quality and fatty acid profile of barley silages. Yuyeon (Silkless) and Youngyang (Silking) barley hybrids were harvested at 24.9 and 27.1% dry matter, respectively, and chopped to 10 cm lengths. Each hybrid was treated with or without an inoculant (2 × 10⁴ colony‐forming units/g of Lactobacillus plantarum). A total of 48 silos were prepared in an experiment with a 2 × 2 (hybrid × inoculant) treatment arrangement with four replications and three ensiling durations (2, 7 and 100 days). After 100 days of ensiling, Yuyeon silage had higher (P < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility and C18:3n‐3 than Youngyang silage. Youngyang silage had higher (P < 0.05) acetic acid and C18:2n‐6 than Yuyeon silage. Inoculation reduced the C18:3n‐3 concentration of both hybrids and increased (P < 0.05) the C18:2n‐6 of Youngyang. However, fermentation quality was not improved by the inoculant. These results indicate that Yuyeon hybrid might have better potential benefits on animal performances due to its smooth awn and silkless nature, and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility. Its higher C18:3n‐3 would be better for improving fatty acid profile of meat or milk than Youngyang hybrid.  相似文献   

Water,salt and nutrient fluxes of tropical tidal salt flats   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ridd  Peter  Sam  Renagi  Hollins  Suzanne  Brunskill  Gregg 《Mangroves and Salt Marshes》1997,1(4):229-238

The water budget of a tropical tidal salt flat in dry tropical Australia has been studied with particular emphasis on estimating the groundwater fluxes. Salt was used as a passive tracer to determine some of these fluxes. Groundwater salt accumulation (or loss) was less than 1 kg/m³/month. Surface water leaving the flat at a higher salt concentration than flood water causes a net outwelling of salt of between 0.4 and 1 kg/m²/month. Evaporation from the salt flat was estimated to be 70 mm/month. Using these measurements and a simple model of the groundwater flows, it is concluded that the groundwater loss is less than 40 mm/month. The accuracy of the salt budget was insufficient to rule out the possibility that the net groundwater motion was upwards. Measurements of Si and PO_{_4} fluxes indicated that the net outwelling due to surface water flows were respectively 3 mmole/m²/month and 0.014 mmole/m²/month. A net groundwater loss of 10 mm would produce a similar magnitude outwelling due to groundwater discharge. The mangrove-fringed tropical tidal salt flats are the source of large quantities of nutrients that are released to the near-shore zone.  相似文献   

Age-related changes in calretinin-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the rat main olfactory bulb     

Hwang IK  Yoo KY  Nam YS  Choi JH  Seo K  Lee IS  Jung JY  Kang TC  Oh YS  Won MH 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(5):465-469

The changes of calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) were investigated in rats differing ages from postnatal month 1 (PM 1) to PM 24. The number of cresyl violet-positive periglomerular cells was similar between PM 1 and PM 12, but they decreased slightly in the PM 24 group. The size of CR-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the glomerular layer increased with age, while their numbers did not change significantly in the PM 6-PM 24 groups. In the PM 24 group, numbers of CR-positive periglomerular cell bodies and their processes decreased, while the size of CR-positive cell bodies in the glomeruli was larger than that of the previous groups. These results suggest that CR-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the rat MOB are well-developed in the PM 6 group, and that periglomerular cells in the PM 24 group show poor CR-immunoreactivity compared to those in the PM 6 group.  相似文献   

Herd prevalence of Johne's disease     

Kemp R  Caldow G  Strain S 《The Veterinary record》2006,159(17):572

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