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71.
Yuri Zharikov David B. Lank Falk Huettmann Russell W. Bradley Nadine Parker Peggy P. -W. Yen Laura A. Mcfarlane-Tranquilla Fred Cooke 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(1):107-120
We studied habitat selection and breeding success in marked populations of a protected seabird (family Alcidae), the marbled
murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), in a relatively intact and a heavily logged old-growth forest landscape in south-western Canada. Murrelets used old-growth
fragments either proportionately to their size frequency distribution (intact) or they tended to nest in disproportionately
smaller fragments (logged). Multiple regression modelling showed that murrelet distribution could be explained by proximity
of nests to landscape features producing biotic and abiotic edge effects. Streams, steeper slopes and lower elevations were
selected in both landscapes, probably due to good nesting habitat conditions and easier access to nest sites. In the logged
landscape, the murrelets nested closer to recent clearcuts than would be expected. Proximity to the ocean was favoured in
the intact area. The models of habitat selection had satisfactory discriminatory ability in both landscapes. Breeding success
(probability of nest survival to the middle of the chick rearing period), inferred from nest attendance patterns by radio-tagged
parents, was modelled in the logged landscape. Survivorship was greater in areas with recent clearcuts and lower in areas
with much regrowth, i.e. it was positively correlated with recent habitat fragmentation. We conclude that marbled murrelets
can successfully breed in old-growth forests fragmented by logging. 相似文献
72.
Applied ecology could benefit from new tools that identify potential movement pathways of invasive species, particularly where
data are sparse. Cost surface analysis (CSA) estimates the permeability (friction) across a landscape and can be applied to
dispersal modelling. Increasingly used in a diversity of applications, several fundamental assumptions that might influence
the outputs of CSA (cost surfaces and least-cost pathways) have yet to be systematically examined. Thus, we explore two issues:
the presumed relationship between habitat preferences and dispersal behaviour as well as the degree of landscape fragmentation
through which an organism moves by modelling a total of 18 sensitivity and dispersal scenarios. We explored the effect of
fragmentation by altering the friction values (generally assigned using expert opinion) associated with patch and linear features.
We compared these sensitivity scenarios in two sites that differed in fragmentation. We also used eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) as an example invading species and compared diffusion models and two contrasting cost surface dispersal scenarios. The diffusion
model underestimated spread because squirrels did not move randomly through the landscape. Despite contrasting assumptions
regarding dispersal behaviour, the two cost surfaces were strikingly similar while the least-cost paths differed. Furthermore,
while the cost surfaces were insensitive to changes in friction values for linear features, they were sensitive to assumptions
made for patch features. Our results suggest that movement in fragmented landscapes may be more sensitive to assumptions regarding
friction values than contiguous landscapes. Thus, the reliability of CSA may depend not only on the range of friction values
used for patches but also the degree of contiguity in the landscape. 相似文献
73.
74.
Sarah L. Rawlings Richard J. OConnell Jonathan R. Green 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,70(4-6):110-119
The spores (conidia) of the bean anthracnose fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, adhere to the aerial parts of plants to initiate the infection process. In previous studies we have shown that the Colletotrichum spores are surrounded by a fibrillar spore coat, comprising several major glycoproteins. Previous evidence showed that a monoclonal antibody (UB20) that recognised these glycoproteins was able to inhibit adhesion of spores to a hydrophobic surface. In this paper we have further studied the role of the spore coat in adhesion, germination and fungal development by studying the effects of UB20 and protease treatment of spores. The latter treatment has previously been shown to remove the spore coat. Spores germinate on glass, polystyrene and water agar, however, appressoria only develop on glass or polystyrene, showing a requirement for a hard surface. Removal of the spore coat with protease inhibits adhesion at 30 min, before the secretion of ECM glycoproteins. Protease treatment also inhibits the development of appressoria and reduces pathogenicity on leaves. Incubation of spores with the MAb UB20 inhibits adhesion at 30 min, but does not affect appressorium formation or pathogenicity. The results suggest that an intact spore coat has two functions; it is required for adhesion to a hydrophobic surface and for the detection of a hard surface necessary for appressorium formation. We suggest that contact with a hard surface, rather than adhesion, is the key event leading to appressorium formation. 相似文献
75.
Density and Organic Matter Influence on Egg‐laying and Hatching of Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta)
Karine Cristiane Rech Renata Maria Guereschi Alex Pires de Oliveira Nuñer Sarah Carvalho Sticca 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2013,44(2):267-272
This study aimed to assess the combined effects of density of adults of Branchiura sowerbyi and the source of organic matter on the production of eggs and young species. The experimental units used were 250‐mL beakers with 100 mL of fine sand (0.074–0.210 mm) and 150 mL of chlorine‐free water with constant aeration at the temperature 25 C. The experiment was conducted based on a two‐factor model with six treatments and three repetitions, applied in a completely random design. The densities 5 individuals/38.5cm2 (D5; 1298/m2) and 8 individuals/38.5cm2 (D8; 2078/m2) were assessed with commercial fish feed (FF), commercial poultry feed (PF), and turkey manure (TM) as sources of organic matter. A total of 1223 cocoons and 2138 eggs were produced, with average hatching of 40.0 ± 15.1%. The highest number of cocoons and eggs was found with the use of PF, D8 having produced the highest number of cocoons and eggs. The hatching rate was not influenced by the source of organic matter or density and no influence was registered from the density of adults on the survival. The PF provided the highest growth of adults, and generally the use of TM provided the worst performance. 相似文献
76.
Vieira Aline Bomfim Restrepo Mariana Alvarez Auzenne Danielle Molina Kevin O’Sullivan Meghan Machado Marcus Vinicius Cavanaugh Sarah Marie 《Veterinary research communications》2022,46(2):527-535
Veterinary Research Communications - Obesity is considered the most common nutritional disease of dogs. Even though overt obesity is more likely to impair health, even moderately overweight dogs... 相似文献
77.
We measured vertical and horizontal variation in canopy transmittance of photosynthetically active radiation in five Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco-Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. (Douglas-fir-western hemlock) stands in the central Cascades of southern Washington to determine how stand structure and age affect the forest light environment. The shape of the mean transmittance profile was related to stand height, but height of mean maximum transmittance was progressively lower than maximum tree height in older stands. The vertical rate of attenuation declined with stand age in both the overstory and understory. A classification of vertical light zones based on the mean and variance of transmittance showed a progressive widening of the bright (low variance and high mean) and transition (high variance and rapid vertical change) zones in older stands, whereas the dim zone (low variance and mean) narrowed. The zone of maximum canopy surface area in height profiles, estimated by inversion of transmittance profiles, changed from relatively high in the canopy in most young stands ("top-heavy") to lower in the canopy in older stands ("bottom-heavy"). In the understory, all stands had similar mean transmittances, but the spatial scale of variation increased with stand age and increasing crown size. The angular distribution of openness was similar in all stands, though the older stands were less open at all angles than the younger stands. Understory openness was generally unrelated to transmittance in the canopy above. Whole-canopy leaf area indices, estimated using three methods of inverting light measurements, showed little correspondence across methods. The observed patterns in light environment are consistent with structural changes occurring during stand development, particularly the diversification of crowns, the creation of openings of various sizes and the elaboration of the outer canopy surface. The ensemble of measurements has potential use in distinguishing forests of differing ages that have similar stature. 相似文献
78.
P. R. Bird D. Bicknell P. A. Bulman S. J. A. Burke J. F. Leys J. N. Parker F. J. Van Der Sommen P. Voller 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,20(1-2):59-86
The purpose of this review is to examine the current knowledge of the role of trees in providing shelter for pastures, crops, and livestock, for controlling erosion of soils and improving productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in Australia — and the extent to which this knowledge has been applied.Land degradation — tree loss and associated soil salinity, water and wind erosion, soil acidification, soil structural decline and nutrient degradation — is evidence that our primary production systems are not sustainable. We have sought increased production without proper consideration of the ecological context of that system. About half of Victoria's crop and pasture lands are affected or at risk, and in Western Australia about 25% of the cleared agricultural land is wind-eroded and 60% is potentially susceptible, salinity affects 0.43 m ha and half of the divertible surface water is affected by salinity. Similar problems occur in other States. At least 43 m ha or 13% of our rangelands are seriously degraded by wind erosion caused by overgrazing, often coinciding with drought or a run of drier years.Minimum tillage and stubble management for erosion control in cropping has been a major extension and research activity in Australian agriculture. Severe weather, combined with imperfect adoption of appropriate grazing and crop management systems, shows the weakness of complete reliance on these methods of erosion control. An effective system must accommodate the impact of extreme events, which are the most damaging. However, the complementary use of windbreaks to reduce soil erosion is rare, and their establishment has not been promoted, despite the wide-spread adoption of this technology by other countries.In the cropping and higher rainfall grazing areas, the systematic planting of 10% of the land in a net of shelterbelts/timberbelts/clusters could achieve a 50% windspeed reduction; this would substantially improve livestock and pasture production in the short and long-term. Wind erosion could be dramatically reduced and crop production probably increased by the use of windbreaks. Wheat and oat yield at Rutherglen (Victoria), and lupin yield at Esperance (Western Australia), were increased in the sheltered zone by 22% and 47%, and 30%, respectively.In semi-arid and dry temperate areas, planting of 5% of the land to shelter could reduce windspeed by 30–50% and soil loss by up to 80%. This planting would also contribute substantially to achieving other objectives of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry — particularly timberbelts applications — will be important in the long-term strategy for achieving revegetation. If some of the trees yield a marketable product then the adoption of the system will be more readily achieved.In the arid (pastoral) areas there is an urgent need to promote the ethic that preservation and improvement of the perennial grass and shrub vegetation is critical for the protection of the soil and maintenance of land capability. Control of animal grazing remains the sole means of preventing erosion in much of this zone. While satellite imagery allows us to assess the condition of leasehold lands, we have failed to achieve stocking policies that will halt the degradation of our rangelands. 相似文献
79.
80.
E. J. Parker 《Forest Pathology》1975,5(2):118-124
Nectria ascospores discharged from a Beech bark diseased tree were monitored by a spore trap, and prevailing meteorological conditions were recorded. Forest and glasshouse experiments are described in which necrosis of beech bark followed wound inoculation with Nectria isolates during dormancy. Perithecia were produced in vitro and spore dimensions were measured. Linear growth rate of the fungus in culture was compared over a range of temperatures. 相似文献