Generating solitons by phase engineering of a bose-einstein condensate     

Denschlag J  Simsarian JE  Feder DL  Clark CW  Collins LA  Cubizolles J  Deng L  Hagley EW  Helmerson K  Reinhardt WP  Rolston SL  Schneider BI  Phillips WD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5450):97-101

Quantum phase engineering is demonstrated with two techniques that allow the spatial phase distribution of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to be written and read out. A quantum state was designed and produced by optically imprinting a phase pattern onto a BEC of sodium atoms, and matter-wave interferometry with spatially resolved imaging was used to analyze the resultant phase distribution. An appropriate phase imprint created solitons, the first experimental realization of this nonlinear phenomenon in a BEC. The subsequent evolution of these excitations was investigated both experimentally and theoretically.  相似文献   

Seal lungs collapse during free diving: evidence from arterial nitrogen tensions   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

K J Falke  R D Hill  J Qvist  R C Schneider  M Guppy  G C Liggins  P W Hochachka  R E Elliott  W M Zapol 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,229(4713):556-558

Arterial blood nitrogen tensions of free-diving Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) were measured by attaching a microprocessor-controlled blood pump and drawing samples at depth to determine how these marine mammals dive to great depths and ascend rapidly without developing decompression sickness. Forty-seven samples of arterial blood were obtained from four Weddell seals during free dives lasting up to 23 minutes to depths of 230 meters beneath the sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Peak arterial blood nitrogen tensions of between 2000 and 2500 millimeters of mercury were recorded at depths of 40 to 80 meters during descent, indicating that the seal's lung collapses by 25 to 50 meters. Then arterial blood nitrogen tensions slowly decreased to about 1500 millimeters of mercury at the surface. In a single dive, alveolar collapse and redistribution of blood nitrogen allow the seal to avoid nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness.  相似文献   

Conserved folding in retroviral proteases: crystal structure of a synthetic HIV-1 protease   总被引：57，自引：0，他引：57  

A Wlodawer  M Miller  M Jaskólski  B K Sathyanarayana  E Baldwin  I T Weber  L M Selk  L Clawson  J Schneider  S B Kent 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,245(4918):616-621

The rational design of drugs that can inhibit the action of viral proteases depends on obtaining accurate structures of these enzymes. The crystal structure of chemically synthesized HIV-1 protease has been determined at 2.8 angstrom resolution (R factor of 0.184) with the use of a model based on the Rous sarcoma virus protease structure. In this enzymatically active protein, the cysteines were replaced by alpha-amino-n-butyric acid, a nongenetically coded amino acid. This structure, in which all 99 amino acids were located, differs in several important details from that reported previously by others. The interface between the identical subunits forming the active protease dimer is composed of four well-ordered beta strands from both the amino and carboxyl termini and residues 86 to 94 have a helical conformation. The observed arrangement of the dimer interface suggests possible designs for dimerization inhibitors.  相似文献   

Association of transfer RNA acceptor identity with a helical irregularity   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

W H McClain  Y M Chen  K Foss  J Schneider 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4886):1681-1684

The aminoacylation specificity ("acceptor identity") of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) has previously been associated with the position of particular nucleotides, as opposed to distinctive elements of three-dimensional structure. The contribution of a G.U wobble pair in the acceptor helix of tRNA(Ala) to acceptor identity was examined with synthetic amber suppressor tRNAs in Escherichia coli. The acceptor identity was not affected by replacing the G.U wobble pair in tRNA(Ala) with a G.A, C.A, or U.U wobble pair. Furthermore, a tRNA(Ala) acceptor identity was conferred on tRNA(Lys) when the same site in the acceptor helix was replaced with any of several wobble pairs. Additional data with tRNA(Ala) show that a substantial acceptor identity was retained when the G.U wobble pair was translocated to another site in the acceptor helix. These results suggest that the G.U wobble pair induces an irregularity in the acceptor helix of tRNA(Ala) to match a complementary structure in the aminoacylating enzyme.  相似文献   

Method for estimation of ocean current velocity from satellite images     

Mollo-Christensen E  Cornillon P  DA S Mascarenhas A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,212(4495):661-662

Barotropic instability waves on a shear interface propagate at the average speed of the water on the two sides. Assuming the instability to be excited by tidal oscillations, the phase speed is the wavelength divided by the tidal period. If the water is at rest on one side of the shear layer the current speed on the other side can be calculated. This method, applied to the Gulf Stream beyond Cape Hatteras as seen in satellite images, gives estimates of current speed in general agreement with in situ observations.  相似文献   

Insect olfaction: deciphering system for chemical messages   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

D Schneider 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,163(871):1031-1037

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Gastrin antibodies: induction, demonstration, and specificity     

D R Schneider  G L Endahl  M C Dodd  J E Jesseph  N J Bigley  R M Zollinger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,156(773):391-392

Antibodies to the antral hormone gastrin have been induced in the rabbit and detected by passive hemagglutination. Specificity of the antibody, as determined by three methods, is directed to gastrins I and II, gastrin pentapeptide, and gastrin tetrapeptide, as well as to the stage-1 gastrin used for immunization.  相似文献   

Eighth millennium pottery from a prehistoric shell midden in the brazilian Amazon     

Roosevelt AC  Housley RA  DA Silveira MI  Maranca S  Johnson R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,254(5038):1621-1624

The earliest pottery yet found in the Western Hemisphere has been excavated from a prehistoric shell midden near Santarém in the lower Amazon, Brazil. Calibrated accelerator radiocarbon dates on charcoal, shell, and pottery and a thermoluminescence date on pottery from the site fall from about 8000 to 7000 years before the present. The early fishing village is part of a long prehistoric trajectory that contradicts theories that resource poverty limited cultural evolution in the tropics.  相似文献   

Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of neptune and triton     

Broadfoot AL  Atreya SK  Bertaux JL  Blamont JE  Dessler AJ  Donahue TM  Forrester WT  Hall DT  Herbert F  Holberg JB  Hunter DM  Krasnopolsky VA  Linick S  Lunine JI  McConnell JC  Moos HW  Sandel BR  Schneider NM  Shemansky DE  Smith GR  Strobel DF  Yelle RV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,246(4936):1459-1466

Results from the occultation of the sun by Neptune imply a temperature of 750 +/- 150 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane, acetylene, and ethane at lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit atmosphere of Neptune resembles the spectra of the Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus atmospheres in that it is dominated by the emissions of H Lyman alpha (340 +/- 20 rayleighs) and molecular hydrogen. The extreme ultraviolet emissions in the range from 800 to 1100 angstroms at the four planets visited by Voyager scale approximately as the inverse square of their heliocentric distances. Weak auroral emissions have been tentatively identified on the night side of Neptune. Airglow and occultation observations of Triton's atmosphere show that it is composed mainly of molecular nitrogen, with a trace of methane near the surface. The temperature of Triton's upper atmosphere is 95 +/- 5 kelvins, and the surface pressure is roughly 14 microbars.  相似文献   

Scent organ development in creatonotos moths: regulation by pyrrolizidine alkaloids     

Schneider D  Boppré M  Zweig J  Horsley SB  Bell TW  Meinwald J  Hansen K  Diehl EW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,215(4537):1264-1265

7-Hydroxy-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrolizine-1-carboxaldehyde is the major volatile component of the scent organs in males of two species of Creatonotos (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). The biosynthesis of this presumed pheromone depends on the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plants that are ingested by the larvae. In addition, these secondary plant substances control the morphogenesis of the scent organs. This morphogenetic effect of an alkaloid has not been observed previously.  相似文献