Novel Colloidal Interactions in Anisotropic Fluids   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

P Poulin  H Stark  TC Lubensky  DA Weitz 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5307):1770-1773

Small water droplets dispersed in a nematic liquid crystal exhibit a novel class of colloidal interactions, arising from the orientational elastic energy of the anisotropic host fluid. These interactions include a short-range repulsion and a long-range dipolar attraction, and they lead to the formation of anisotropic chainlike structures by the colloidal particles. The repulsive interaction can lead to novel mechanisms for colloid stabilization.  相似文献   

Mammalian genes are transcribed with widely different bursting kinetics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Suter DM  Molina N  Gatfield D  Schneider K  Schibler U  Naef F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6028):472-474

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Improving sooty blotch and flyspeck severity estimation on apple fruit with the aid of standard area diagrams     

Piérri Spolti  Luana Schneider  Rosa M. V. Sanhueza  Jean C. Batzer  Mark L. Gleason  Emerson Medeiros Del Ponte 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(1):21-29

Sooty blotch and flyspeck is caused by numerous species of fungi that colonize the surface of apple fruit and thereby lower its market value. Although this disease poses a substantial threat to apple growers’ profitability in some regions, reliable and cost-effective methods for epidemiological and disease control studies have not been validated, nor are they widely available. We modified a standard area diagram to aid sooty blotch and flyspeck severity assessments and quantified its impact on accuracy and precision of visual estimates. Samples of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Mutsu’ fruit were photographed both from the top and laterally. Severity was assessed from a sub-sample of 160 images using image analysis software. Validation of the diagram was performed by eight raters who independently assessed severity in two series of selected images representing the lateral view and the top view, initially unaided and subsequently with the aid of the scale. Severity estimates ranged from 0.4% to 98% (most fruit had <10% severity). Accuracy and precision of the estimates were significantly improved when using the diagrammatic scale; concordance correlation coefficient values increased from 0.81 to 0.95. A strong tendency to underestimate severity for the mid-range to high levels was minimized when using the aid, which also improved reproducibility of the estimates among raters. In addition to strengthening evidence that a standard area diagram can be used reliably in sooty blotch and flyspeck studies, we expanded its application to disease assessment in the peduncle region, which enhances the usefulness of the method for evaluating efficacy of management practices.  相似文献   

黄浦江上游近自然混交林和人工纯林水源涵养功能评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蔡婷  李阿瑾  宋坤  达良俊  徐开钦  燕爱玲 《水土保持研究》2015,(2):36-40

以上海黄浦江上游水源涵养林为研究对象,选择近自然混交林、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工纯林和无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)人工纯林,对比了地上部分、枯落物层、土壤层三个垂直层次的持水量,综合评价了其水源涵养功能。结果表明:地上部分持水量近自然混交林与香樟纯林持平,大于无患子纯林,分别为16.36t/hm2,16.85t/hm2,12.54t/hm2;枯落物层最大持水量依次为近自然混交林(0.37t/hm2)无患子纯林(0.004t/hm2)香樟纯林(0.003t/hm2);土壤层最大持水量近自然混交林(2 657.02t/hm2)无患子纯林(2 526.81t/hm2)香樟纯林(2 474.80t/hm2)。土壤层对森林涵养水源功能的贡献最大,但同时离不开地上部分及枯落物层三者间的相互依存和影响。综合评价得到不同类型林分的总持水量为近自然混交林(2 673.73t/hm2)无患子纯林(2 539.35t/hm2)香樟纯林(2 491.65t/hm2)。由此可见,林分复杂、树种多样、林下植被丰富的近自然混交林涵养水源的能力最强,优于单一的无患子纯林,而香樟纯林最差。  相似文献   

A rapid spectrofluorometric screening method for enrofloxacin in chicken muscle     

Chen G  Schneider MJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(11):3249-3253

A simple spectrofluorometric method was developed for screening enrofloxacin (ENRO) in chicken muscle. A single-step extraction with acidic acetonitrile gave the best results without further cleanup. Following centrifugation the supernatants were excited at 324 nm and the emission was measured at 442 nm. Using this procedure, 18 chicken breast samples from 3 producers were tested. The results showed background signal levels significantly lower than those corresponding to 300 microg/kg ENRO, the FDA approved tolerance level. Statistical treatment of these data established a threshold which can be used in subsequent screening of ENRO at the tolerance level. The calibration curve revealed a satisfactory linear relationship (R(2) = 0.9991) in a range of 0-700 microg/kg ENRO in fortified chicken breast. ENRO-incurred samples were examined using this approach, and the results agreed with those obtained from more extensive separation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Because the threshold can be set at the 3 sigma limit, reliable screening can be accomplished with an error rate of less than 0.26%. Based on this investigation, a high-throughput screening method for ENRO in chicken tissue is proposed.  相似文献   

Effect of seeders and tillage equipment on vertical distribution of oilseed rape stubble     

Olivier Schneider  Jean Roger-Estrade  Jean-Noël Aubertot  Thierry Dor 《Soil & Tillage Research》2006,85(1-2):115-122

When the spreading of a disease depends on the proportion of infected residues remaining at soil surface it is of crucial importance to analyse the effects of tillage practices on the vertical distribution of stubble. This is the case with phoma stem canker (blackleg), whose epidemics are initiated in autumn, by air-borne ascospores released from stubble located at the soil surface. We compared initial vertical distribution of oilseed rape residues to those observed after sowing and various tillage operations (rotary harrowing, stubble disking, chiselling and mouldboard ploughing). Almost 20% of the initially buried residue was brought back to soil surface with seeding. Rotary harrow brought 40% of the residue buried in the 0–10 cm layer up to the surface and left unburied about 70% of surface residue. Stubble disking appeared to be more efficient for residue burial than chiselling. Mouldboard plough was the only tool that buried all residues. A simple model was developed that predicted burial and return to the soil surface of potentially infected residues as a function of tillage practices used after harvest. Simulation of different tillage sequences showed that the order in which tools were used also affected location of residues. Our results highlighted the importance of tillage in the cultural control of phoma stem canker and will contribute to the definition of integrated pest management strategies for oilseed rape.  相似文献   

Photodegradation of imidacloprid   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Wamhoff H  Schneider V 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(4):1730-1734

The photolytic decomposition of the insecticide imidacloprid (1) in HPLC grade water and of imidacloprid as the formulated product Confidor insecticide in tap water was studied using HPLC methodology. The structures of several degradates have been determined in aquatic medium, and the DT(50) values of imidacloprid and Confidor have been measured. In addition, the influence of TiO(2) on the photodegradation of Confidor was studied. The photoproduct 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl-2-imidazolidinone (5) has been identified as the main degradate in each of the three series of experiments by several analytical techniques. The photolytic half-lives for imidacloprid under the conditions of this study were 43 min in HPLC grade water, 126 min formulated as Confidor in tap water, and 144 min formulated as Confidor in tap water in the presence of TiO(2).  相似文献   

Rapid fluorescence screening assay for enrofloxacin and tetracyclines in chicken muscle     

Schneider MJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(26):7809-7813

A simple, rapid fluorescence assay was developed for screening both enrofloxacin (ENRO) and tetracyclines in chicken muscle at the U.S. tolerance levels (300 ng/g and 2 microg/g, respectively). Screening for both classes of antibiotics is accomplished using one extraction, thus simplifying and expediting the process. The method requires an initial extraction of chicken muscle with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile, centrifugation, and analysis of the supernatant for ENRO fluorescence. After addition of ammonium hydroxide, magnesium chloride, and methanol, followed by centrifugation and filtration, the supernatant can be measured for tetracycline fluorescence. Chlortetracycline (CTC) was chosen as a representative tetracycline to demonstrate the method, as it displays intermediate sensitivity among the three tetracyclines approved in the U.S. Comparison of the fluorescence of control and tolerance-level-fortified samples of both ENRO and CTC shows no overlap. Setting a threshold as the average fortified fluorescence minus 3sigma allows for successful screening, as illustrated with blind samples as controls or fortified with ENRO and/or CTC over a range of concentrations. This method can provide an alternative or supplemental approach to currently used microbial screening assays.  相似文献   

溴虫腈与哒螨灵对朱砂叶螨的联合作用     

杨振国  谢道燕  达爱斯  倪婧 《河南农业科学》2015,(3):88-92

为明确溴虫腈与哒螨灵的联合杀螨活性,采用玻片浸渍法测定了溴虫腈与哒螨灵不同配比混剂对朱砂叶螨雌成螨的杀螨活性,并以共毒因子法和共毒系数法评价混剂的增效作用。结果表明,溴虫腈和哒螨灵对朱砂叶螨雌成螨处理后24 h的致死中质量浓度(LC50)分别为8.80、17.69mg/L;溴虫腈与哒螨灵的质量比为49∶51、47∶53、45∶55时增效最明显,对朱砂叶螨处理后24 h的共毒系数分别为177.94、178.49、173.73,LC50分别为6.65、6.72、7.00 mg/L,其毒力分别是哒螨灵的2.66倍、2.63倍、2.53倍。因此,45%~49%溴虫腈与51%~55%哒螨灵混合具有显著的增效作用。  相似文献   

家庭因素对边疆少数民族大学生心理健康影响研究     

杨金江  李德波  达永仙 《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,(2):57-61

为准确把握家庭因素对边疆少数民族大学生心理健康的影响,本文运用卡特尔16PF人格因素量表、大学生人格问卷UPI和SCL-90症状自评量表,采用随机抽样的方式,对边疆9省少数民族大学生心理健康状况进行调查;并结合自己设计的《边疆地区少数民族大学生基本情况调查问卷》的调查结果进行对应分析,用SPSS13.0进行数据处理。结果表明:家庭整体氛围、家庭教育方式与家庭成员的关系状况对研究对象的心理健康状况有显著影响,而家庭规模、家庭生活水平、家庭收入水平、家庭负担大学开支情况,以及研究对象是否是独生子女、在家中的排行、在家庭中的地位对研究对象的心理健康状况没有显著影响。  相似文献