Evolutionary plasticity of monooxygenase-mediated resistance   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jeffrey G. Scott  Shinji Kasai 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2004,78(3):171-178

The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are an important metabolic system involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, and are thus one of the major mechanisms by which insects evolve insecticide resistance. However, comparatively little is known about the evolutionary constraints of this insecticide resistance mechanism. We investigated the genetic basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (NG98) from Georgia, USA that had evolved 3700-fold resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, and compared this to other permethrin resistant strains of house flies from the US and Japan. Resistance in NG98 was due to kdr on autosome 3 and monooxygenase-mediated resistance on autosomes 1, 2, and 5. These results indicate that the genes which evolve to produce monooxygenase-mediated resistance to permethrin are different between different populations, and that the P450 monooxygenases have some degree of plasticity in response to selection. Monooxygenase-mediated resistance appears to evolve using different P450s, and possibly different regulatory signals controlling P450 expression, even in strains selected with the same insecticide.  相似文献   

Incidence of thiophanate-methyl resistance in Cercospora kikuchii within a single lineage based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms in Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Iori Imazaki  Kouji Ishikawa  Nobuko Yasuda  Atsushi Miyasaka  Shinji Kawasaki  Shinzo Koizumi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2006,72(2):77-84

We collected 247 isolates of Cercospora kikuchii from soybean seeds with typical purple stain symptoms from 15 prefectures in Japan. Of the 247 isolates, 93 were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl, a benzimidazole used to control this soybean disease; the remaining 154 were highly resistant to the fungicide. To examine genetic variability among the population of 247 isolates, we developed amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. An AFLP primer pair generated DNA fingerprint polymorphisms among the sample isolates, and with the unweighted pair-grouping method to cluster arithmetic means of the similarity coefficients among all pairs of the fingerprint patterns, the isolates were divided into four lineages (I to IV). Of the 247 isolates, 225 belonged to lineage I, including all isolates that were resistant to thiophanate-methyl. To determine whether the resistance of these isolates was related to mutations in the β-tubulin gene, we amplified partial nucleotide sequences of the gene from 29 representative isolates, including 12 that were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, by means of the polymerase chain reaction. The resistant isolates had identical nucleotide sequence with a one-step change at codon 198, in which the amino acid glutamic acid had been replaced by alanine. The evidence thus suggests that thiophanate-methyl resistance might have arisen in lineage I, the largest of the four lineages. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB214511 to AB214515  相似文献   

Evaluation of 5 serologic assays to detect Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals     

Martens RJ  Cohen ND  Chaffin MK  Takai S  Doherty CL  Angulo AB  Edwards RE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,221(6):825-833

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of 5 serologic assays used to diagnose Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals and to determine whether any of the assays could be used to identify affected foals prior to the onset of clinical signs or to differentiate between affected and unaffected foals when clinical signs first become apparent. DESIGN: Nested case-control study. ANIMALS: 26 foals. PROCEDURE: Serum samples were obtained from all foals at 2, 4, and 6 or 7 weeks of age. Additional samples were obtained from affected foals at the time of diagnosis of R equi pneumonia and from age-matched unaffected foals. Samples were tested with 3 ELISA, an agar gel immunodiffusion assay, and a synergistic hemolysis inhibition assay. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity data indicated that none of the assays could be used to reliably differentiate affected from unaffected foals at any testing period. Proportions of foals that had an increase in test values between paired samples collected at 4 and 6 or 7 weeks of age were not significantly different between affected and unaffected foals. For all assays, result values increased significantly over time; however, the rate of increase was not significantly different between affected and unaffected foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that serologic assays, whether performed on single or paired samples, cannot be used to reliably establish, confirm, or exclude a diagnosis of R equi pneumonia in foals.  相似文献   

d -Alanine-d -alanine ligase gene ( ddl ) of Erwinia chrysanthemi strain EC16 II: analysis of pectate lyase regulation using ddl ^? mutant     

Pongphen Jitareerat  Hiroyuki Matsumoto  Masahiro Umehara  Shinji Tsuyumu 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(1):49-54

 Erwinia chrysanthemi (Ech) triggers soft rot disease mainly by secreting pectate lyase (Pel), which is regulated in a complex manner by many regulatory genes. In a previous study, we used a gene dosage method to show that the ddl gene, which encodes d-alanine-D-alanine ligase, reduced Pel production and tissue maceration by Ech strain EC16n. In this study, the ddl ⁻ marker-exchanged mutant was shown to overcome the long growth lag caused by various salts in the growth medium and to increase Pel production over that by EC16n, especially in a medium containing magnesium salts. Thus, ddl seems to regulate Pel production in a negative manner. Because the profiles of a gel shift assay using the pelE promoter region as the target DNA with crude extracts of EC16n and ddl ⁻ mutant were distinguishable, Ddl is thought to affect the binding of other regulatory proteins. Expression of the ddl gene was induced in the medium containing a low-molecular-weight fraction of potato extract, but it was reduced in that containing both polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and the fraction. The repression of ddl expression by PGA should contribute in part to the in planta hyperinduction of Pel. Received: May 15, 2002 / Accepted: June 20, 2002  相似文献   

Utility of plasma circulating mRNA as a marker to detect hepatic injury     

Kudo Y  Ochi T  Shimada H  Ogawa S  Shinjo K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(9):993-995

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Sugar transporter (MfsX) of the major facilitator superfamily is required for flagella-mediated pathogenesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dickeya dadantii</Emphasis> 3937     

Tri Joko  Hisae Hirata  Shinji Tsuyumu 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(4):266-273

Dickeya dadantii (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi) is a causal agent of soft-rot diseases on many crops. Here, we characterized a gene belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), which is involved in the symport, antiport, or uniport of various substrates, and the survival and virulence of many Gram-negative bacterial animal pathogens, for the possible involvement in the plant pathogenicity of D. dadantii. A marker-exchange mutant of this gene (mfsX) was constructed that had decreased maceration ability in Chinese cabbage, potato, and chicory. Observation with electron microscopy showed greatly reduced numbers of flagella per cell. This mutant had a significant reduction in swimming and swarming motility and a severe reduction in formation of biofilm. Because these phenotypes have been shown to be involved in plant pathogenicity of D. dadantii, mfsX seems to play an important role in pathogenesis of D. dadantii 3937 by its involvement in the expression of these pathogenicity-related phenotypes.  相似文献   

Occurrence of rocket larkspur witches’ broom caused by “<Emphasis Type="Italic">Candidatus</Emphasis> Phytoplasma asteris” in Japan     

Minoru Tanaka  Koji Tanina  Shinji Kasuyama  Tomio Usugi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(4):286-289

In October 2001, a disease of rocket larkspur (Cosolida ambigua (L.) P. W. Ball et Heyw), characterized by witches’ broom, yellows and virescence of flowers, was found in Yakage Town in Okayama Prefecture. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of phytoplasma-like bodies in the phloem of diseased plants. The causal phytoplasma was identified as “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris” based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and demonstrated to be acquired by the leafhopper Macrosteles striifrons. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AB258330.  相似文献   

Mapping of expressed sequence tag markers with a cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism method in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)     

Shinji SASAZAKI  Tomoko HINENOYA  Daisuke FUJIMA  Shinichi KIKUCHI  Akira FUJIWARA  Hideyuki MANNEN 《Animal Science Journal》2006,77(1):42-46

In our previous study, a Kobe‐NIBS Japanese quail (KNQ) linkage map was constructed mainly using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. In order to compare chicken and quail chromosomes, we developed expressed sequence tag (EST) markers derived from cDNA‐AFLP fragments and localized these markers on the linkage map. Using a total of 128 AFLP primer combinations, 24 polymorphic bands were obtained between a neurofilament‐deficient mutant quail line male and a muscular disorder quail line female, which were the parents of the KNQ resource family. Nine of the 24 markers were mapped by linkage analysis. These markers were mapped to seven linkage groups, namely 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 15 and 42. A subsequent homology search using chicken genome sequences strongly suggests that these linkage groups correspond with chicken chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 15, 23 and 26.  相似文献   

Precursor B-1 B cell lymphoma in a newborn calf.     

Shinji Yamamoto  Yoshihiro Wada  Yoshiharu Ishikawa  Koichi Kadota 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2007,19(4):447-450

A newborn Holstein female calf had neoplastic lesions in the skin and within the thoracic and abdominal cavities but not in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, or most lymph nodes. Because the tumor cells were positive for CD79a (B cell marker), CD5 (B-1 cell marker) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (marker for immature lymphoid precursors), a diagnosis of precursor B-1 B cell lymphoma was made. The diagnosis was strongly supported by the fact that B-1 cells can develop in the fetus, unlike B-2 cells, which are produced after birth. The lymphoma was distinct from the typical calf form of lymphoma of B-2 cell origin, which does not express CD5 and is characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy and involvement of the bone marrow, blood and spleen.  相似文献   

Pinpointing the candidate region for muscular dystrophy in chickens with an abnormal muscle gene     

Hirokazu MATSUMOTO  Hideaki MARUSE  Kanako YOSHIZAWA  Shinji SASAZAKI  Akira FUJIWARA  Takeki KIKUCHI  Nobutsune ICHIHARA  Fumio MUKAI  Hideyuki MANNEN 《Animal Science Journal》2007,78(5):476-483

Muscular dystrophies, a group of inherited diseases with the progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle, contain genetically variable diseases. Though chicken muscular dystrophy with abnormal muscle (AM) has long been known, the gene responsible has not yet been identified. In this study, a resource family for AM was established with 487 F2 individuals and 22 gene markers, including microsatellite and insertion–deletion markers, were developed. The haplotypes were analyzed with these markers for the candidate region of GGA2q described in a previous study. The candidate region was successfully narrowed down to approximately 1Mbp. The region included seven functional genes predicted as the most likely AM candidates.  相似文献