Effects of whey protein hydrolysate on growth promotion and immunomodulation in mouse pups in artificial rearing system     

Shiro Takeda  Akiko Harauma  Mariko Okamoto  Hirofumi Enomoto  Toshiji Kudo  Takehito Suzuki  Wataru Mizunoya  Toru Moriguchi 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the growth and immunity of mouse pups in artificial rearing (AR) system. Mouse pups were reared in the AR system with artificial milk including 5% WPH (AR with WPH) or not (AR without WPH), and the remaining pups were reared by their mother (dam) for 14 days after birth. The body weight change and body weight gain rates in the AR with WPH group were significantly higher than those observed in the AR without WPH group and similar to those in the dam group. Moreover the feed and protein efficiencies in the AR with WPH group were significantly higher than those of the AR without WPH group. In addition, the supplement of WPH in the AR system was shown to significantly elevate the number of CD3⁺CD8⁺, B220⁺CD19⁺, IA/IE⁺CD11c⁺, and CD11b⁺ in the thymocyte and/or splenocyte, and the thymus weight. Furthermore, MALDI‐TOF/MS analysis identified the amino acid sequences corresponding to some peptides, and indicated that VRTPEVDDE had the highest relative intensity among the peptides from tested WPH. Therefore, WPH would be required to not only promote growth, but also exert immunomodulatory activities in mouse pups in AR system.  相似文献   

Exposure to blue LED light before the onset of darkness under a long‐day photoperiod alters melatonin secretion,feeding behaviour and growth in female dairy calves     

Mabrouk Elsabagh  Mamiko Mon  Yui Takao  Akiko Shinoda  Takashi Watanabe  Shiro Kushibiki  Taketo Obitsu  Toshihisa Sugino 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)

The effect of blue LED on melatonin secretion, feeding behaviour and growth was addressed in Holstein female dairy calves. In Exp.1, six animals (8 weeks old, 97 ± 4.1 kg BW) were exposed to yellow or blue LED for 2 hr before darkness over 7 days under a long‐day photoperiod (LDPP). In Exp. 2, six animals (8 weeks old, 88.5 ± 4.8 kg BW) were exposed to blue light from a white LED all daytime or a yellow LED for 2 hr before the darkness of LDPP (blue light cut) over 3 weeks. In Exp. 1, blue light mildly suppressed melatonin secretion during the 2‐hr treatment but did not affect the timing of the nightly melatonin rise. However, the rise in nighty melatonin levels was higher with yellow than blue LED. In Exp. 2, white LED completely suppressed melatonin secretion during the 2‐hr treatment, but plasma melatonin concentrations were similar during the darkness. Grass hay intake, rumination time, frequency of water intake and body weight gain were higher in animals exposed to the yellow rather than the white LED. Overall results indicate that exposure to blue light from white LEDs under an LDPP suppresses melatonin secretion and might negatively impact the development of female dairy calves.  相似文献   

Changes in proline-14C metabolism in barley seedlings germinating at low temperature     

Nobuyuki Shiomi  Shiro Hori 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):121-129

Changes in the metabolic pattern of proline-¹⁴C were examined in barley seedlings germinated at the low temperature of 2°C (LT) and compared with those germinated at 25°C (HT). In the LT shoots. proline-¹⁴C incorporation was higher in the cationic fraction and lower in the acid-neutral fraction than that of HT, respectively. More proline-¹⁴C of LT was converted to other amino acids, especially to acidic amino acids in free amino acid state, than was the HT proline-¹⁴C which had a comparatively wide distribution.

In the LT protein fractions. more proline-¹⁴C was incorporated into the cytoplasmic protein than into the cell wall protein. On the contrary, the radioactivity of the lIT cell wall increased more distinctively. proline-¹⁴C in the two proteins of LT was a little less converted to other amino acids than in those of HT. A little higher radioactivity was found in the aspartate and glutamate of the LT protein hydrolysates. The hydroxyproline which is closely related with proline had a little lower level of radioactivity in the LT cell wall.  相似文献   

Impact of fumigation with metam sodium upon soil microbial community structure in two Japanese soils     

Koki Toyota  Karl Ritz  Shiro Kuninaga  Makoto Kimura 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):207-223

The effects of fumigation with sodium methyl dithiocarbamate (metam sodium) on the microbial community structure and function in 2 soils were investigated using a variety of techniques. In both soils ca. 50% and 90% of the populations of total and culturable bacteria, respectively, were killed by fumigation, with recovery to levels prevailing in control soils 26 d after cessation of fumigation. The size of the ammonium and nitrite oxidiser populations was reduced by up to 4 orders of magnitude by fumigation, with the latter showing a slight recovery 105 d later. There were substantial changes in the C-utilisation (Biolog GN) profiles in the fumigated soils even 105 d later. The number and pattern of amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) fragments was changed by fumigation, and there was a shift in the %G+C profile toward a greater proportion of lower %G+C classes in treated soils. It appeared that DNA released from killed cells remained for some time after fumigation, and masked the apparent community DNA profiles. This study demonstrates that the effects of fumigation on the soil microbial community structure and function were pronounced and for some parameters very persistent. However, the effects on broad-scale properties such as total or culturable bacterial numbers were less enduring.  相似文献   

Influence of neutral inorganic chlorides on primary and secondary char formation from cellulose   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Haruo Kawamoto  Daisuke Yamamoto  Shiro Saka 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(3):242-246

The influence of various alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂, and CaCl₂) on primary and secondary char formation from cellulose was studied at 400°C. Secondary char was formed through carbonization of the volatile products. All chlorides increased the primary char yield while decreasing the secondary char formation, and this situation was promoted in the order of alkaline earth Mg, Ca, alkali Li > alkali Na, K. Levoglucosan yield also decreased along with the secondary char yield. These results indicate that the reduced formation of volatile levoglucosan was related to the decreasing yield of secondary char. A model experiment at 250°C revealed that these chlorides, especially the two alkaline earth metals, had catalytic action on the polymerization of levoglucosan, which serves to reduce the formation of volatile levoglucosan.  相似文献   

At5g54160 gene encodes <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde <Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>-methyltransferase     

Tomoyuki Nakatsubo  Yu Kitamura  Norikazu Sakakibara  Masaharu Mizutani  Takefumi Hattori  Nozomu Sakurai  Daisuke Shibata  Shiro Suzuki  Toshiaki Umezawa 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(4):312-317

The function of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene, At5g54160 annotated as a caffeic acid O-methyltransferase CAOMT gene was characterized. The recombinant enzyme of this gene (AtOMT1) catalyzed the O-methylation of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid substrates. The specificity constants (k _cat/K _m) for 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde (5-HCAld) and quercetin were both 0.11 μM⁻¹·min⁻¹. On the other hand, lignins of At5g54160-knockout Arabidopsis mutants lacked syringyl units. In addition, we showed that the gene silencing also resulted in significant accumulation of caffeyl alcohol (CaAlc). These results strongly suggested that At5g54160 gene is involved in syringyl lignin synthesis for the methylation of both 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl compound(s). Part of this work was presented at the Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry, March 24–27, 2007  相似文献   

Comparison of rDNA-ITS Sequences between Potato and Tobacco Strains in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia solani</Emphasis> AG-3     

Shiro KUNINAGA  Donald E CARLING  Toru TAKEUCHI  Ryozo YOKOSAWA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2000,66(1):2-11

Genetic diversity among 51 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3, representing potato and tobacco populations, was inferred from the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The 5.8S rDNA sequence was completely conserved not only in AG-3, but across all the AG isolates examined, whereas the rDNA-ITS sequence was found to be variable among the isolates. The nucleotide sequence similarity in the ITS 1 region was high (96-100%) for isolates within each of the two populations, but was 91-92% for isolates from different populations. The AG-3 isolates had 56 to 91% sequence similarities in the ITS 1 region with R. solani isolates of the other AGs. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence data indicated that the different populations in AG-3 are distantly related to each other. Genetic divergence between the two populations was also supported by the results of DNA-DNA hybridization studies. This study suggests that AG-3 consists of two genetically isolated groups corresponding to separate subgroups: AG-3 PT (potato type) and AG-3 TB (tobacco type). Specific primer sets for the detection of the two AG-3 subgroups were developed from the aligned rDNA-ITS sequences. Received 22 April 1999/ Accepted in revised form 2 July 1999  相似文献   

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on growth performance,plasma metabolites and hormones,and rumen fermentation in Holstein calves during pre‐ and post‐weaning periods     

Kei Takemura  Hiroyuki Shingu  Kentaro Ikuta  Shigeru Sato  Shiro Kushibiki 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) during the pre‐ and post‐weaning periods on growth, metabolic and hormonal responses, and rumen fermentation in calves. Three‐week‐old Holstein calves were assigned to either control (n = 12) or SC group (n = 12), the latter of which received 2 × 10⁹ cfu/day of SC. The experiment was conducted over a period of 7 weeks around weaning. Daily gain (DG) in the SC group was higher (p < .05) than that in the control group. In the SC group, plasma glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were higher (p < .05) and concentrations of glucagon and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) tended to be higher (p < .1) than in the control group. Proportion of rumen propionate and concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen at 10 weeks of age were greater (p < .05) in the SC group than that in the control group. Supplementation of SC around weaning may improve dietary nutrient and energy availability and increase plasma GH and IGF‐1 concentrations. These changes observed in SC‐supplemented calves could be closely related to the improvement of DG.  相似文献   

Theoretical turnover rate of the rumen liquid fraction in dairy cows and its relationship to feed intake,rumen fermentation,and milk production     

Makoto Mitsumori  Toshiya Hasunuma  Tomoko Okimura  Takumi Shinkai  Yosuke Kobayashi  Makoto Hirako  Shiro Kushibiki 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(12):1556-1566

Ruminant animals are able to convert plant materials (grain and the human‐indigestible portion of carbohydrates) to milk and meat. In this conversion, most of the plant materials are digested by rumen fermentation and are changed to short‐chain fatty acids, microbial cells, and methane, which is released into the atmosphere. The relationships among feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production are poorly understood. Here we report a novel indicator of characteristics of rumen fermentation, theoretical turnover rate (TTOR) of the rumen liquid fraction. The TTOR was calculated from the presumed rumen volume (PRV) which is estimated by dividing the methane yield by the methane concentration of rumen fluid. The formula for the TTOR is: TTOR = PRV/body weight^0.75. Our present analyses confirm that the TTOR as an indicator is capable of connecting feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production, because dry matter intake/TTOR showed a strong correlation with milk yield/TTOR. In addition, the TTOR may be related to ruminal pH, as we observed that the ruminal pH decreased as the TTOR increased. We propose that the TTOR is a factor characterizing rumen fermentation and a good indicator of the productivity of ruminants and dysbiosis of the rumen microbiome.  相似文献   

Provision of beta‐glucan prebiotics (cellooligosaccharides and kraft pulp) to calves from pre‐ to post‐weaning period on pasture     

Kyoko Kido  Shigeki Tejima  Miyuu Haramiishi  Yutaka Uyeno  Yasuyuki Ide  Kazuhiro Kurosu  Shiro Kushibiki 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(12):1537-1543

We conducted two feeding experiments to evaluate the effects of supplementation with either cellooligosaccharide or kraft pulp on growth performance in grazing beef calves (Japanese Black) from 4 weeks pre‐weaning to 12 to 16 weeks post‐weaning. In Experiment 1 (20‐week duration), nine calves (2.9‐month‐old females) were assigned to either a control group (CON) or an experimental group (CEL) fed cellooligosaccharide at a rate of 10 g/day mixed with concentrate. Average daily weight gain tended to be greater in CEL than in CON, especially after 1 month of weaning. In Experiment 2 (16‐week duration), 10 calves (2.0‐month‐old females) were assigned to either a control group or an experimental group (KRA) fed kraft pulp at a rate of 10% replacement of total digestible nutrients with concentrate. The proportion of fibrolytic bacteria increased and that of methanogenic Archaea decreased in the rumen microbial community composition of KRA calves in Experiment 2, whereas the decrease in Fibrobacter and Archaea was observed in CEL calves at first 4 weeks in Experiment 1. We conclude that beta‐glucan prebiotic supplementation to grazing calves at pre‐weaning would affect rumen microbial composition and modified rumen fermentation characteristics, leading to a better rumen environment via different means.  相似文献