Experimental and field studies on foraging behavior and activity rhythm of hard-spined sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina     

Koji Miyamoto  Shiro Kohshima 《Fisheries Science》2006,72(4):796-803

ABSTRACT:   Foraging behavior and activity rhythms of hard-spined sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina were analyzed in experimental and wild conditions. The behavior in captivity could be categorized into 'biting', 'migration' and 'resting'. Biting was very slow (35.8 ± 3.8 s/bite) and never observed during migration. Biting and short migrations within 5 min were significantly more frequent in the starved group than in the well-fed group, although the total migration was not significantly different between the groups. Analysis of the behavior sequence suggested that foraging behavior consisted of a series of short migrations and bitings. Biting increased in the dark while resting showed the inverse tendency, suggesting a nocturnal activity rhythm. The tube feet at the body side were of medium length, while they were long during migration, and short during resting. During biting, some spines were observed moving, while all spines stuck out radially during both migration and resting. Diel change in behavior of the wild sea urchins estimated from the length of tube feet and movement of spines also suggested a nocturnal activity rhythm.  相似文献   

Phosphorus starvation induced root-mediated pH changes in solublization and acquisition of sparingly soluble P sources and organic acids exudation by Brassica cultivars   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Akhtar M. SHAHBAZ  Yoko OKI  Tadashi ADACHI  Yoshiyuki MURATA  Md Harunar Rashid KHAN 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2006,52(5):623-633

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Increase of cells expressing PD-L1 in bovine leukemia virus infection and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses in vitro via PD-L1 blockade     

Ikebuchi R  Konnai S  Shirai T  Sunden Y  Murata S  Onuma M  Ohashi K 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):103

ABSTRACT: The inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are involved in immune evasion mechanisms for several pathogens causing chronic infections. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway restores anti-virus immune responses, with concomitant reduction in viral load. In a previous report, we showed that, in bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, the expression of bovine PD-1 is closely associated with disease progression. However, the functions of bovine PD-L1 are still unknown. To investigate the role of PD-L1 in BLV infection, we identified the bovine PD-L1 gene, and examined PD-L1 expression in BLV-infected cattle in comparison with uninfected cattle. The deduced amino acid sequence of bovine PD-L1 shows high homology to the human and mouse PD-L1. The proportion of PD-L1 positive cells, especially among B cells, was upregulated in cattle with the late stage of the disease compared to cattle at the aleukemic infection stage or uninfected cattle. The proportion of PD-L1 positive cells correlated positively with prediction markers for the progression of the disease such as leukocyte number, virus load and virus titer whilst on the contrary, it inversely correlated with the degree of interferon-gamma expression. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in vitro by PD-L1-specific antibody upregulated the production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma, and correspondingly, downregulated the BLV provirus load and the proportion of BLV-gp51 expressing cells. These data suggest that PD-L1 induces immunoinhibition in disease progressed cattle during chronic BLV infection. Therefore, PD-L1 would be a potential target for developing immunotherapies against BLV infection.  相似文献   

Effect of cellooligosaccharide or synbiotic feeding on growth performance,fecal condition and hormone concentrations in Holstein calves     

Toshiya HASUNUMA  Kenji KAWASHIMA  Kiyoshi AKIYAMA  Kenji YASUDA  Fuminori TERADA  Shiro KUSHIBIKI 《Animal Science Journal》2011,82(4):543-548

We investigated the effect of cellooligosaccharide (CE) or a combination of dextran and Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei strain JCM1134^T (synbiotic; SB) feeding on growth performance, fecal condition and hormone concentrations in Holstein calves. Fifty‐two female Holstein calves were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: CE feeding group (n = 16), SB feeding group (n = 18), and control group (n = 18). Body weight at 90 days of age, as well as daily body weight gain (DG) and feed efficiency after weaning to 90 days of age were greater (P < 0.05) in the CE feeding group than in the control group. The total fecal score tended to be lower (P < 0.1) in the SB feeding group than in the control group. Plasma insulin concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the CE feeding group than in the control group at 90 days of age. Our results indicate that CE feeding improved DG and feed efficiency in calves. On the other hand, there was less effect on growth performance and fecal Escherichia coli counts in calves fed SB.  相似文献   

Proteome analysis of whole and water‐soluble proteins in masseter and semitendinosus muscles of Holstein cows     

Mika OE  Mayumi OHNISHI‐KAMEYAMA  Ikuyo NAKAJIMA  Susumu MUROYA  Masahiro SHIBATA  Koichi OJIMA  Shiro KUSHIBIKI  Koichi CHIKUNI 《Animal Science Journal》2011,82(1):181-186

To assess both quantitative and qualitative differences between the slow‐ and fast‐type muscles, masseter (slow) and semitendinosus (fast) from four Holstein cows were analyzed by two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectrometry. The proteome analysis identified 27 spots as 20 proteins in the whole protein fraction extracted with 8 mol/L urea solution, and 16 spots were identified as 11 proteins in the water‐soluble protein fraction. Two slow‐type myofibrillar proteins (myosin light chain‐1 slow‐b and myosin light chain‐2 slow), and aconitase‐2 mitochondria were present at higher levels in the masseter muscle (P < 0.05). Four fast‐type myofibrillar proteins (myosin light chain‐1 fast, myosin light chain‐2 fast, myosin light chain‐3 fast and tropomyosin‐1), and three enzymes of glycolytic pathway (enolase‐3, aldolase‐A and triosephosphate isomerase), were present at higher levels in the semitendinosus muscle (P < 0.05). Our proteome analysis showed that the composition of sarcoplasmic proteins as well as myofibrillar proteins was clearly different between slow‐ and fast‐type muscles.  相似文献   

Stem productivity in relation to nitrogen concentration and carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) in leaves of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) plantations in Shikoku district,Japan     

Yoshiyuki Inagaki  Kazuki Miyamoto  Shiro Okuda  Mahoko Noguchi  Takeharu Itou  Kyotaro Noguchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):710-718

The stem productivity of the hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) in relation to plant nitrogen status and water-use efficiency was investigated in the Okuono (OKU) and Karakawa (KRK) areas in Shikoku district, Japan, where abundant precipitation occurs. The nitrogen concentration and carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) in the leaves were used as indexes of plant nitrogen status and water-use efficiency, respectively. The leaf nitrogen concentration increased with decreasing soil carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and with increasing soil pH. There was a marginally significant negative correlation between leaf δ¹³C and soil water content in the KRK area, but leaf δ¹³C in the OKU area did not correlate with the soil water condition, and increased on the upper slope. The results suggest that hinoki trees in the KRK area have higher water-use efficiency (high leaf δ¹³C) under lower soil water conditions. In the OKU area, meanwhile, leaf δ¹³C in the upper slope was higher due to adaptation to adverse conditions. When 12 plots in two areas were included, the mean height and stem increments increased with increasing leaf nitrogen concentration and with decreasing leaf δ¹³C. These findings suggest that nitrogen acquisition is a primary factor for stem productivity in the areas concerned but the productivity of some forests is restricted by the soil water condition or other conditions, as indicated by the high value of leaf δ¹³C. The measurement of nitrogen concentration and δ¹³C in leaves can provide us with valuable insights into the relative importance of nitrogen, water and other conditions on stem productivity in the two areas.  相似文献   

Blockade of bovine PD-1 increases T cell function and inhibits bovine leukemia virus expression in B cells in vitro     

Ryoyo Ikebuchi  Satoru Konnai  Tomohiro Okagawa  Kazumasa Yokoyama  Chie Nakajima  Yasuhiko Suzuki  Shiro Murata  Kazuhiko Ohashi 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):59

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a known immunoinhibitory receptor that contributes to immune evasion of various tumor cells and pathogens causing chronic infection, such as bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. First, in this study, to establish a method for the expression and functional analysis of bovine PD-1, hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for bovine PD-1 were established. Treatment with these anti-PD-1 mAb enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Next, to examine whether PD-1 blockade by anti-PD-1 mAb could upregulate the immune reaction during chronic infection, the expression and functional analysis of PD-1 in PBMC isolated from BLV-infected cattle with or without lymphoma were performed using anti-PD-1 mAb. The frequencies of both PD-1⁺ CD4⁺ T cells in blood and lymph node and PD-1⁺ CD8⁺ T cells in lymph node were higher in BLV-infected cattle with lymphoma than those without lymphoma or control uninfected cattle. PD-1 blockade enhanced IFN-γ production and proliferation and reduced BLV-gp51 expression and B-cell activation in PBMC from BLV-infected cattle in response to BLV-gp51 peptide mixture. These data show that anti-bovine PD-1 mAb could provide a new therapy to control BLV infection via upregulation of immune response.  相似文献   

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for residue analysis of the fungicide azoxystrobin in agricultural products     

Kondo M  Tsuzuki K  Hamada H  Yamaguchi Murakami Y  Uchigashima M  Saka M  Watanabe E  Iwasa S  Narita H  Miyake S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(4):904-911

A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) was developed for residue analysis of azoxystrobin in garden crops, for which the maximum residue limits (MRLs) are 0.5-50 mg/kg in Japan. For hapten synthesis, an ethyl carboxyl group was introduced to the 4-position of the 2-cyanophenoxy group in azoxystrobin, and its cyano group was changed to a methyl group. An anti-azoxystrobin monoclonal antibody was prepared from mice immunized with hapten-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate. The dc-ELISA using prepared antibody showed 50-250-fold higher sensitivity compared to the MRLs. The working range of the dc-ELISA was 10-200 ng/mL. The dc-ELISA showed high specificity to azoxystrobin. When methanol extracts from nine kinds of garden crops spiked with azoxystrobin ranging near the MRLs were analyzed, the determined results by the dc-ELISA agreed well with the results of their controls. In addition, azoxystrobin spiked in garden crops homogenates was satisfactorily extracted by methanol solution and easily analyzed. The recovery rate of dc-ELISA was 96-109% and correlated well with the results obtained by HPLC analysis.  相似文献   

Reaction behavior of wood in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hisashi Miyafuji  Kenji Miyata  Shiro Saka  Fumio Ueda  Midori Mori 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(3):215-219

Reaction of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which can dissolve cellulose, was investigated. Although both lignin and polysaccharides such as cellulose and hemicelluloses can be liquefied at a treatment temperature of around 100°C, the liquefaction of polysaccharides mainly occurs at the beginning of the treatment with [C2mim][Cl]. Cellulose crystallinity in the wood was gradually broken down as the treatment continued. The solubilized polymers were depolymerized to low molecular weight compounds. The results indicate that [C2mim][Cl] is an effective solvent and reagent for the liquefaction of wood components and subsequent depolymerization of them. Part of this report was presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, April 2008  相似文献   

Enzymatic saccharification of water-soluble portion after hot-compressed water treatment of Japanese beech with xylanase and <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-xylosidase     

Toshiki Nakata  Hisashi Miyafuji  Shiro Saka 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(3):209-214

Enzymatic saccharifications of the hydrolysate collected as the water-soluble (WS) portion after hot-compressed water (HCW) treatment of Japanese beech with xylanase and β-xylosidase were performed to investigate the hydrolytic properties of these enzymes. The WS portions with different molecular weight distributions and initial concentrations of xylooligosaccharides were prepared as substrates, one of which contained mainly smaller xylooligosaccharides [degree of polymerization (DP) = 2 or 3], while the other contained larger xylooligosaccharides (DP ≥ 4). The highest xylose recovery was obtained from both of the WS portions treated with β-xylosidase rather than with xylanase. This suggests that β-xylosidase could have a higher activity than xylanase toward larger xylooligosaccharides (DP ≥ 4) as well as smaller xylooligosaccharides (DP = 2 or 3) recovered from HCW treatment. As a result, the use of β-xylosidase was found to be effective for saccharifi cation of the WS portion, even with a short reaction time for the HCW treatment.  相似文献