Two-step hydrolysis of Japanese cedar as treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water     

Natthanon Phaiboonsilpa  Kazuchika Yamauchi  Xin Lu  Shiro Saka 《Journal of Wood Science》2010,56(4):331-338

Two-step hydrolysis of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) was studied as treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water at 230°C/10 MPa for 15 min and 280°C/10 MPa for 30 min as the first and second stages, respectively. At the first stage, hemicelluloses and para-crystalline cellulose, whose crystalline structure is somewhat disordered, were found to be selectively hydrolyzed, as well as lignin decomposition, whereas crystalline cellulose occurred at the second stage. In all, 87.76% of Japanese cedar could be liquefied by hot-compressed water and was primarily recovered as various hydrolyzed products, dehydrated, fragmented, and isomerized compounds as well as organic acids in the water-soluble portion. The remainder, 12.24%, could not be hydrolyzed and remained as the water-insoluble residue composed entirely of lignin. Based on the distribution of various products from hemicelluloses in Japanese cedar, their decomposition pathways were proposed as independent.  相似文献   

Extractives of muirapiranga (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brosimun</Emphasis> sp.) and its effects on the vibrational properties of wood     

Kazuya Minato  Yuji Konaka  Iris Bremaud  Shiro Suzuki  Eiichi Obataya 《Journal of Wood Science》2010,56(1):41-46

The potential of muirapiranga (Brosimun sp.) as a substitute material for violin bows was estimated in terms of vibrational properties, and the influence of extractives on the vibrational properties was examined. The loss tangent of muirapiranga was somewhat higher and the specific dynamic Young’s modulus was rather lower than the respective values for pernambuco, which is regarded as the best material for violin bows. Therefore, muirapiranga is a poorer bow material in terms of vibrational properties. Impregnation of crude extractives from muirapiranga decreased the loss tangent of other wood specimens. The main compounds of the extractives were identified as xanthyletin and luvangetin. Impregnations of isolated xanthyletin and commercially available methoxsalen, which was tested as an analogue of luvangetin, markedly decreased the loss tangent of other wood specimens. Methoxsalen and xanthyletin differ from conventional loss tangent-decreasing substances, namely protosappanin B and hematoxylin, in terms of water insolubility and the absence of hydroxyl groups. From the similarity in molecular characteristics of loss tangent-decreasing substances found so far, restriction of molecular motion due to an impregnated substance in the wood matrix is suggested as one loss tangent-decreasing mechanism.  相似文献   

Nebulin and N-WASP cooperate to cause IGF-1-induced sarcomeric actin filament formation     

Takano K  Watanabe-Takano H  Suetsugu S  Kurita S  Tsujita K  Kimura S  Karatsu T  Takenawa T  Endo T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6010):1536-1540

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induces skeletal muscle maturation and enlargement (hypertrophy). These responses require protein synthesis and myofibril formation (myofibrillogenesis). However, the signaling mechanisms of myofibrillogenesis remain obscure. We found that IGF-1-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling formed a complex of nebulin and N-WASP at the Z bands of myofibrils by interfering with glycogen synthase kinase-3β in mice. Although N-WASP is known to be an activator of the Arp2/3 complex to form branched actin filaments, the nebulin-N-WASP complex caused actin nucleation for unbranched actin filament formation from the Z bands without the Arp2/3 complex. Furthermore, N-WASP was required for IGF-1-induced muscle hypertrophy. These findings present the mechanisms of IGF-1-induced actin filament formation in myofibrillogenesis required for muscle maturation and hypertrophy and a mechanism of actin nucleation.  相似文献   

First report of broccoli foot rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2 IV and pathogenicity comparison of the pathogen with related pathogens     

Tomoo Misawa  Masaharu Kubota  Jun Sasaki  Shiro Kuninaga 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2015,81(1):15-23

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Effects of temperature on the growth of a Japanese willow (Salix gilgiana Seemen)     

Kenji Shinohara  Akinori Nagao  Shiro Okuda  Kaoru Niiyama  Toyonobu Sugawa 《Journal of Forest Research》1998,3(1):55-60

The effects of temperature on the growth characteristics of a Japanese willow (Salix gilgiana Seemen) were studied with respect to dry matter production, wood anatomy and the net photosynthetic rates of leaves. Clonal materials were grown in natural-light rooms (phytotrons) at 30°C/25°C, at 25°C/20°C or at 20°C/15°C (day/night: 12 h/12 h), respectively. The elongation rate of shoots from the beginning of June to the end of July was approximately 22 cm per week under the three different sets of conditions. The shoots reached approximately 3 m in height after 4 months of growth. Total dry matter production and dry weights of stems did not differ very much among the three sets of temperature conditions after 9 months of growth. The dry weight of leaves increased at high temperatures while that of roots decreased. The number of vessels increased significantly at 30°C/25°C and 25°C/20°C, whereas the diameters of vessels and fibers, and the double wall thickness of fibers did not vary markedly under all three temperature regimes. The net photosynthetic rate and the respiration rate in mature leaves were highest at 30°C/25°C, and both activities increased with increases in growth temperature. The increase in the photosynthetic rate was much smaller than that in the respiration rate. Individual plants had been completely adapted to the respective growth temperatures, as judged from the decrease in the photosynthetic rate after the transfer to different temperatures. Part of this work was reported at the 102nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (Nagoya, Japan, 1991). This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid (Integrated Research Program for Effective Use of Biological Activities to Create New Demand) from the Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and Fisheries of Japan (BRP 97-IV-B-10).  相似文献   

Comparative QTL mapping for male sterility of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) using different reference genome sequences     

Takuya Wada  Hiyori Monden  Sachiko Isobe  Kenta Shirasawa  Takayuki Sueyoshi  Chiharu Hirata  Miyuki Mori  Shiro Nagamatsu  Yoshiki Tanaka 《Breeding Science》2021,71(4):456

Male sterility is one of the reproductive isolation systems in plants and quite useful for F₁ seed production. We previously identified three independent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for male sterility of cultivated strawberry, Here, we identified the specific subgenomes in which these QTLs are located by QTL-seq approach. QTLs qMS4.1, qMS4.2, and qMS4.3 were mapped separately in subgenomes Fvb4-4, Fvb4-3, and Fvb4-1, respectively, in ‘Camarosa’ genome assembly v. 1.0.a1. Candidate regions of qMS4.1 and qMS4.3 were clearly detected around 12–26 Mb in Fvb4-4 and 12–14 Mb in Fvb4-1, respectively; those of qMS4.2 were fragmented in Fvb4-3, which suggests that some scaffolds were incorrectly assembled in Fvb4-3. qMS4.3 was mapped to chr4X1 of ‘Reikou’ genome assembly r2.3, and qMS4.1 and qMS4.2 were both mapped to chr4Av, which indicates that differentiation of the subgenomes in which both QTLs are located was insufficient in ‘Reikou’ r2.3. Although ‘Camarosa’ genome assembly v. 1.0.a1 is an unphased map, which merges homologous chromosomes into one sequence, ‘Reikou’ genome assembly r2.3 is a phased map, which separates homologous chromosomes. QTL mapping to different reference genomes clearly showed the specific features of each reference genome, and that using different kinds of reference map could accelerate fine mapping and map-based cloning of certain genes of cultivated strawberry.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal decomposition of various crystalline celluloses as treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water     

Rosnah Abdullah  Kazuyoshi Ueda  Shiro Saka 《Journal of Wood Science》2014,60(4):278-286

Various types of crystalline celluloses I, II, III_I, III_II, IV_I and IV_II that have been adjusted for their degree of polymerization were treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water (HCW) at 230–270 °C/10 MPa/15 min to study their hydrothermal decomposition. The treatments resulted in either partial or complete decomposition of the celluloses and the decomposed products were primarily recovered as hydrolyzed, dehydrated and fragmented ones as well as organic acids in the water-soluble (WS) portions. Their results of hydrothermal decomposition and its kinetics revealed that the celluloses decomposition is dependent on the types of crystalline celluloses as well as temperature of the HCW treatment. The outcome from the WS portions at 270 °C/10 MPa/15 min showed that the degree of difficulty for decomposition is lower in group II (cell II, cell III_II, cell IV_II) than group I (cell I, cell III_I, cell IV_I), indicating that group II is less resistant to decomposition by HCW treatment. Therefore, the decomposition behaviors of the cellulose are due to the inherent differences in the crystalline structures.  相似文献   

Cystic Rete Testis with Testicular Dysplasia in a Rabbit     

James K. CHAMBERS  Kazuyuki UCHIDA  Yousuke MURATA  Ken-ichi WATANABE  Kenichiro ISE  Yasutsugu MIWA  Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2014,76(5):751-755

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Ganglion Cysts Arising from a Canine Stifle Joint     

Daiki MURATA  Takeshi SOGAWA  Satoshi TOKUNAGA  Tomoko IWANAGA  Hiroaki KAWAGUCHI  Noriaki MIYOSHI  Yasuyuki MOMOI  Makoto FUJIKI  Naoki MIURA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2014,76(3):457-459

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Microbial biomass and nitrogen transformations in surface soils strongly acidified by volcanic hydrogen sulfide deposition in Osorezan, Japan     

Mirai WATANABE  Shigeki YAMAMURA  Takejiro TAKAMATSU  Masami K. KOSHIKAWA  Seiji HAYASHI  Tomoyoshi MURATA  Shoko S. SAITO  Kazuyuki INUBUSHI  Kazunori SAKAMOTO 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2010,56(1):123-132

Volcanic acidification has created unique ecosystems that have had to adapt to the acidic environments in volcanic regions. To characterize the primary microbial properties of strongly acidified soils in such environments, we investigated microbial biomass, nitrogen transformations and other relevant chemical properties in the surface soils of solfatara and forests from Osorezan, a typical volcanic region in Japan, and compared the results to common Japanese forest soils. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) were determined using the chloroform fumigation–extraction method. Potential net N mineralization and net nitrification were measured in aerobic laboratory incubations. Long-term acidification in the Osorezan soils by volcanic hydrogen sulfide deposition caused low soil pH (3.0–3.8), base cation deficiency and increased concentrations of toxic ions such as Al³⁺. The proportions of MBC to total carbon (MBC/TC ratio) and MBN to total nitrogen (MBN/TN ratio) were lower than those in common Japanese forest soils. The extreme acidic conditions may have inhibited microbial survival in the Osorezan acid soils. Net N mineralization occurred at rates comparable to those in common Cryptomeria japonica forest soils, probably because of the presence of acid-tolerant soil microorganisms. Net nitrification was completely inhibited and autotrophic ammonia oxidizers were not detected by the MPN method. The inhibition of nitrification prevents nitrogen leaching from the soils, thus maintaining a nitrogen cycle in the volcanic acid region in which     (and NH₃) is recycled among microorganisms and plants.  相似文献