Optimization for microwave-assisted direct liquefaction of bamboo residue in glycerol/methanol mixtures     

Jiulong Xie  Jinqiu Qi  Chungyun Hse  Todd F.Shupe 《林业研究》2015,(1):261-265

Bamboo residues were liquefied in a mixture of glycerol and methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid using microwave energy. We investigated the effects of liquefaction conditions, including glycerol/methanol ratio, liquefaction temperature, and reaction time on the conversion yield. The optimal liquefaction conditions were under the temperature of 120 °C, the reaction time of 7 min, the glycerol–methanol–bamboo ratio of 8/0/2(W/W), and the microwave power of 300 W. Maximum conversion yield was 96.7 %. The liquid products were separated into two contents(water soluble part and precipitate part) by addition of a sufficient amount of water. By Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR), the water soluble content mainly contained glycerol and its derivate and carbohydrate degradation products, and the precipitate content was mainly lignin derivatives.  相似文献   

Amino acid-supplemented raw soybean diets for finishing swine     

L L Southern  J E Pontif  K L Watkins  D F Coombs 《Journal of animal science》1990,68(8):2387-2393

Growth and carcass traits of finishing swine fed amino acid-supplemented raw soybean (RSB) diets were examined. Experiments 1 and 2 were identical and included the following treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal (SBM), 2) corn-RSB (lysine equal to Diet 1), 3) Diet 2 + .15% L-lysine (LYS), 4) Diet 3 + .1% L-threonine (THR), 5) Diet 3 + .05% L-tryptophan (TRP), 6) Diet 3 + .15% DL-methionine (MET) and 7) Diet 3 + THR + TRP + MET equivalent to Diets 4 to 6. The unsupplemented corn-RSB diet reduced (P less than .05) gain, gain:feed, plasma urea N, loin eye area, and percentage of muscling compared with the corn-SBM diet. The addition of LYS or LYS + TRP generally improved these response variables, whereas the addition of LYS + THR or LYS + MET tended to reduce gain and gain:feed compared with the LYS addition alone. The LYS + THR + TRP + MET addition resulted in growth and carcass traits that were intermediate between those of pigs fed the corn-RSB and the corn-SBM diets but not different (P greater than .05) from either. Experiment 3 included Diets 1, 2 and 7 from Exp. 1 and 2, in addition to the following treatment: corn-RSB + LYS + THR + TRP. The LYS + THR + TRP addition improved (P less than .05) growth and carcass traits compared with the LYS + THR + TRP + MET addition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

Virus persists in beta cells of islets of Langerhans and is associated with chemical manifestations of diabetes   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

M B Oldstone  P Southern  M Rodriquez  P Lampert 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,224(4656):1440-1443

Molecular hybridization, monoclonal antibody, and electron microscopic analyses showed lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (strains Armstrong and WE) persistently infecting cells of the islets of Langerhans in BALB/WEHI mice. When monoclonal or monospecific antibody conjugated with two different fluorochrome dyes was used to mark insulin-containing beta cells or viral antigens, viral nucleoprotein was identified predominantly in beta cells. Electron microscopy confirmed these findings by showing virions budding from the beta cells. Persistent infection was associated with chemical evidence of diabetes (hyperglycemia, abnormal glucose tolerance, and normal or low-normal concentrations of insulin). Concentrations of cortisol and insulin-like growth factor in blood were normal, as was the level of growth hormone in the pituitary gland. The virus-infected islet cells showed normal anatomy and cytomorphology. Neither cell lysis nor inflammatory infiltrates were routinely seen. Thus a virus may persistently infect islet cells and provide a biochemical and morphological picture comparable to that of early adult-onset diabetes mellitus in humans.  相似文献   

重庆南山夏季主要生态因子动态及川山茶叶片耐热反应研究     

郑浴  王琨  张艳丽  杨晓红  鞠学勇  何炜 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,33(10)

对重庆南山植物园山茶园树体周围的3个主要生态因子(温度、湿度、光照强度)在8月份的变化情况进行了动态观察,从叶部的形态变化系统记录了30个川山茶品种在8月份的热害生态反应特征.结果表明:川山茶大多数品种叶片都受到不同程度的热害,上中旬最热,是集中受害的时间,下旬逐渐降温,树体开始恢复,少数品种在下旬才表现出热害;耐热能力较强的品种是重庆红、川玛瑙、吊钟茶、红六方、牡丹茶、三学士和十八学士,没有发生热害;中等耐热能力的品种是小红莲、怒春红、绒团茶等14个品种;对热中等敏感的是紫金冠、白玉片、红海螺和七心白;对热敏感的品种是花洋红、花五宝、小桃红、焦渴鱼血牡丹和七心红,没有整株热死的现象.认为川山茶具有较强的耐热性,重庆南山保存川山茶资源较为适宜.  相似文献   

Detection of Bartonella spp. in dogs after infection with Rickettsia rickettsii     

Erin Lashnits  Pradeep Neupane  Ricardo G. Maggi  Keith E. Linder  Julie M. Bradley  Nandhakumar Balakrishnan  Brittany L. Southern  Gabriel P. McKeon  Ramaswamy Chandrashekar  Edward B. Breitschwerdt 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(1):145-159

  相似文献   

低温诱导对白魔芋产生多叶的研究     

石新龙  王启军  牛义  刘海利  张盛林 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,33(6)

将4℃下贮藏6个月、12个月和正常贮藏的白魔芋同时种植,观察生长特性并测定生长期各阶段的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素(ZR)浓度.结果表明:4℃下贮藏的白魔芋各阶段IAA/ZR之比均高于对照组,ZR水平低于对照组,利于多叶发生;其具有出苗早、植株生长粗壮、生育期延长、多叶发生率高、产量高等特点.因此,适当的低温贮藏可以延长魔芋的生长期,诱导产生多叶,增大光合作用面积.  相似文献   

Maximizing the use of supplemental amino acids in corn-soybean meal diets for 20- to 45-kilogram pigs     

Roux ML  Donsbough AL  Waguespack AM  Powell S  Bidner TD  Payne RL  Southern LL 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(8):2415-2424

Four experiments were conducted to determine the Lys requirement, the maximum amount of supplemental Lys that does not decrease growth performance, and to determine the order of limiting AA beyond Lys, Thr, Trp, and Met in a corn-soybean meal diet for 20- to 45-kg pigs. All experiments were conducted for 27 to 28 d with purebred or crossbred barrows and gilts, which were blocked by initial BW. Treatments were replicated with 4 to 6 pens of 4 to 6 pigs per pen. In all experiments, pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 14, and 27 or 28. At the beginning and end of all experiments, blood samples were obtained from all pigs to determine plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations. In Exp. 1, 0.830, 0.872, 0.913, and 0.955% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys was fed, whereas 0.747, 0.788, 0.830, 0.872, and 0.913% SID Lys was fed in Exp. 2. Broken-line analysis requirement estimates could not be estimated from any response variable in Exp. 1, but in Exp. 2, using ADG and PUN, the estimated SID Lys requirement was 0.83%. In Exp. 3, 0, 0.118, 0.191, 0.264, and 0.335% supplemental Lys was added to achieve 0.83% SID Lys in all diets, and Thr, Trp, and Met were supplemented to maintain Thr:Lys, Trp:Lys, and TSAA:Lys of 0.65, 0.18, and 0.60, respectively. Based on ADG, ADFI, and G:F, up to 0.23% supplemental Lys can be added along with supplemental Thr, Trp, and Met without negatively affecting growth performance; PUN was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) by supplemental Lys. In Exp. 4, treatments were 1) positive control (PC) without supplemental AA, 2) negative control (NC) with 0.335% supplemental Lys + 0.140% l-Thr + 0.035% l-Trp + 0.117% dl-Met, 3) NC + 0.044% l-Val, 4) NC + 0.021% l-Ile, and 5) NC + 0.044% l-Val + 0.021% l-Ile. Individual addition of Val and Ile did not improve (P > 0.10) ADG or G:F compared with the NC. The combined addition of Val + Ile resulted in ADG that was intermediate between the PC and NC diets but not different from either diet (P > 0.10); G:F was not improved (P > 0.10) to that observed in pigs fed the PC diet. The PUN was not different (P > 0.10) among pigs fed diets with supplemental AA but less (P < 0.10) than pigs fed the PC. The results of this research indicate that the Lys requirement for 20- to 45-kg pigs is 0.83% SID Lys, up to 0.23% supplemental Lys (0.29% l-Lys·HCl or 0.45% l-Lys·SO(4)) can be added along with supplemental Thr, Trp, and Met without negatively affecting growth performance, and another AA besides Val and Ile may be limiting growth performance in a corn-soybean meal diet with 0.335% supplemental Lys.  相似文献   

Effect of salmon protein hydrolysate and spray-dried plasma protein on growth performance of weanling pigs     

Tucker JL  Naranjo VD  Bidner TD  Southern LL 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(5):1466-1473

Two experiments, each consisting of 2 trials, were conducted to determine the effect of salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) and spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) fed during the first week postweaning and their subsequent effect on the growth performance of weanling pigs. Pigs were fed in a 3-phase feeding program with durations of 7 d for phase 1 in both Exp. 1 and 2; 14 or 15 d for phase 2 in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively; and 7 or 8 d for phase 3 in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Dietary treatments were fed only during phase 1, whereas the same diet was fed to all pigs in phases 2 and 3. Pigs were blocked by initial BW and sex, and littermates were balanced across treatments. Data from the 2 trials within each experiment were combined and analyzed together; no treatment × trial interactions (P > 0.10) were observed. In Exp. 1, a total of 324 weanling pigs (10 replications of 5 or 6 pigs per pen) with an average initial BW of 6.4 ± 1.3 kg were assigned to 1) a control diet with no SPH or SDPP, 2) 1.5% SPH, 3) 3.0% SPH, 4) 1.5% SDPP, 5) 3.0% SDPP, or 6) 1.5% SPH + 1.5% SDPP. Experiment 2 was similar to Exp. 1, but red blood cells were removed from all diets to reduce diet complexity. In Exp. 2, weanling pigs (n = 320, 14 replications of 5 or 6 pigs per pen) with an average initial BW of 5.4 ± 1.2 kg were assigned to 1) a control diet with no SPH or SDPP, 2) 1.5% SPH, 3) 1.5% SDPP, or 4) 1.5% SPH + 1.5% SDPP. Three batches of SPH were used, and each batch was analyzed for AA composition. In Exp. 1, the inclusion of SDPP or SPH during phase 1 did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, or G:F compared with those of pigs fed the control diet. No carryover effects on growth performance were observed in any of the subsequent phases. Overall, G:F was greater (P = 0.08) in pigs fed the 1.5% diets compared with those fed the 3.0% diets. In Exp. 2, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F among pigs fed the SPH or SDPP diets compared with those of pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the combined diet had greater (P < 0.10) overall ADFI compared with that of pigs fed the control diet, but ADFI was similar to that of pigs fed the SPH and SDPP diets. These results indicate that inclusion of up to 3% SDPP or SPH in diets fed during the first week postweaning did not affect the growth performance of weanling pigs, and no subsequent carryover effects were observed. Salmon protein hydrolysate did not affect the growth performance of weanling pigs and may be considered an alternative protein source in diets for weanling pigs.  相似文献   

Growth performance of 20- to 50-kilogram pigs fed low-crude-protein diets supplemented with histidine, cystine, glycine, glutamic acid, or arginine     

Powell S  Bidner TD  Payne RL  Southern LL 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(11):3643-3650

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the growth performance of grower pigs fed low-CP, corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) AA-supplemented diets with that of pigs fed a positive control (PC) C-SBM diet with no supplemental Lys. Five experiments were conducted with Yorkshire crossbred pigs, blocked by BW (average initial and final BW were 21 and 41 kg, respectively) and assigned within block to treatment. Each treatment was replicated 4 to 6 times with 4 or 5 pigs per replicate pen. Each experiment lasted 28 d and plasma urea N was determined at the start and end of each experiment. All diets were formulated to contain 0.83% standardized ileal digestible Lys. All the experiments contained PC and negative control (NC) diets. The PC diet contained 18% CP and was supplemented with only DL-Met. The NC diet contained 13% CP and was supplemented with L-Lys, DL-Met, L-Thr, and L-Trp. The NC + Ile + Val diet was supplemented with 0.10% Val + 0.06% Ile. The NC + Ile + Val diet was supplemented with either His (Exp. 1), Cys (Exp. 2), Gly (Exp. 2, 3, and 4), Glu (Exp. 3), Arg (Exp. 4), or combinations of Gly + Arg (Exp. 4 and 5) or Gly + Glu (Exp. 5). Treatment differences were considered significant at P < 0.10. In 3 of the 4 experiments that had PC and NC diets, pigs fed the NC diet had decreased ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed the PC diet. The supplementation of Ile + Val to the NC diet restored ADG in 4 out of 5 experiments. However, G:F was less than in pigs fed the PC diet in 1 experiment and was intermediate between the NC and PC diets in 3 experiments. Pigs fed supplemental Ile + Val + His had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed supplemental Cys to achieve 50:50 Met:Cys had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed Ile + Val + 0.224% supplemental Gly had similar ADG, greater ADFI, and decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed Ile + Val + 0.52% supplemental Gly had ADG and G:F similar to that of pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed supplemental Glu had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed Ile + Val + 0.48% supplemental Arg had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed the diet supplemented with Gly + Arg had ADG and G:F similar to pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed the low-CP diets had reduced plasma urea N compared with pigs fed PC. The results of these experiments indicate that supplementing Gly or Gly + Arg to a low-CP C-SBM diet with 0.34% Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, and Val restores growth performance to be similar to that of pigs fed a PC diet with no Lys supplementation.  相似文献   

不同含水量大葱种子贮藏中活力及抗氧化能力的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王志敏  牛义  汤青林  宋明  李晓伟 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,33(10)

对不同含水量的3个品种大葱种子常温贮藏1年后的种子活力及抗氧化能力变化进行了研究,结果表明:将大葱种子含水量由10.0%左右降至8.5%～2.5%时,大葱种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性都有不同程度的提高,而丙二醛含量和相对电导率则有所降低,特别是种子含水量降到4.5%～2.5%时,各指标的变化与对照相比差异显著;当含水量低于2.0%时,种子活力显著下降并且抗氧化能力减弱,说明适度超干有利于大葱种子活力的提高,而3个品种间以辽葱1号大葱更适合进行超干贮藏.  相似文献