Products from the sensitised photo-oxidation of 2-dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-ol     

Stephen R. Dixon  Clifford H. J. Wells 《Pest management science》1989,25(3):255-260

The products from the methylene blue sensitised photo-oxidation of 2-dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-ol (I) in deuterochloroform/deuteroacetone have been investigated. A zwitterion and a hydroperoxide are formed initially, with the zwitterion predominating. The zwitterion compound degrades or reacts in the solid state on silica gel to give further products.  相似文献   

Structure—activity relationships of organotin biocides and Ceratocystis ulmi     

George Eng  Stephen P. Coddington  Laura L. Stockton  Alexander D. W. Acholonu 《Pest management science》1989,26(2):117-121

The effect of organotin compounds on the growth of Ceratocystis ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease, was studied in shake culture. Triphenyltin, (C₆H₅)₃SnX, tricyclohexyltin, (C₆H₁₁)₃SnX, and tributyltin, (C₄H₉)₃SnX, compounds were all effective in the inhibition of C. ulmi in vitro. The anionic group, X, did not play a major role in the inhibitory activities of these compounds, suggesting that the species involved in the inhibition is R₃Sn⁺ or the hydrated cation.  相似文献   

Preliminary studies on the insecticidal activity and wash-fastness of twelve pyrethroid treatments impregnated into bednetting assayed against mosquitoes     

Steven W. Lindsay  M. Ismai Hossainl  Stephen Bennett  Christopher F. Curtis 《Pest management science》1991,32(4):397-411

The insecticidal properties of twelve pyrethroid preparations impregnated into polyester netting were compared, before and after washing, with a view to assessing their suitability for treating bednets (mosquito nets) in the field. Bioassays were carried out by exposing the mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto andAedes aegypti L. to netting with two concentrations of insecticide, on washed and unwashed samples, for 30 s and 3 min at different times after impregnation. Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Permethrin applied at 97°C at pH 3.4 resulted in increased uptake by polyester fibres. The performance of most insecticides on unwashed netting had not declined appreciably 12 weeks after impregnation. However, all the insecticides were depleted by washing. The treatments with best insecticidal activity after washing were cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin applied at ambient temperature and normal pH and permethrin applied in a hot acid solution.  相似文献   

Habitat-related prevalence of macroscopic Mycobacterium bovis infection in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), Hohonu Range, Westland, New Zealand     

Caley P  Coleman JD  Hickling GJ 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2001,49(3):82-87

AIM: To identify broadscale habitat factors influencing the prevalence of macroscopic Mycobacterium bovis infection in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) at a site in Westland, New Zealand. METHODS: During 1973/74, 1989/90 and 1997, we undertook repeated cross-sectional surveys of M. bovis infection in a possum population on the Hohonu Range , Westland. Data were analysed to determine the influence of site-specific habitat characteristics (land form, aspect, slope, altitude), distance from forest-pasture margin and time since infection on the spatial and temporal prevalence of macroscopic M. bovis infection. RESULTS: The prevalence of M. bovis infection was highest in 1973/74 (13.4%), compared with 1989/90 (3.1%) and 1997 (9.4%). The prevalence of macroscopic M. bovis infection was significantly influenced by habitat, as indexed by altitude and slope in this study site. Every 100 m increase in elevation was associated with a 29% decrease in the odds of infection, and every 10 degrees increase in slope was associated with a 20% decrease in the odds of infection. For possums caught in the lowland podocarp forest (altitude 100-200 m, average slope=5.7 degrees ), the odds of infection were nearly 30-fold higher than those for possums caught in high-altitude hardwood forest near the tree line (altitude 900-1000 m, average slope=28 degrees ). Whilst the prevalence of disease fluctuated markedly between surveys, its broadscale spatial distribution changed little over time. Proximity to the forest-pasture margin had no significant influence on the prevalence of disease, once the effect of habitat was taken into account. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of macroscopic M. bovis infection in possums was strongly influenced by habitat type, being highest in habitats that supported the highest density of possums, and lowest in habitats where population density was low. There was no evidence of progressive spread of M. bovis infection in possums into forest away from pasture-forest margins over the 24-year period of these surveys.  相似文献   

Age-related changes in hematology and plasma chemistry values of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X Morone saxatilis)     

Hrubec TC  Smith SA  Robertson JL 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2001,30(1):8-15

Hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X Morone saxatilis ) are an important aquaculture species yet there are few diagnostic tools available to assess their health. Hematology and clinical chemistry analyses are not used extensively in fish medicine due to the lack of reference intervals for various fish species, and because factors such as age can affect blood values. There is little published information regarding age-related changes in blood values of juvenile fish. It is important to evaluate juvenile fish, as this is the time they are raised in aquaculture settings. Determining age-related changes in the blood values of fishes would further develop clinical pathology as a diagnostic tool, enhancing both fish medicine and the aquaculture industry. The results of standard hematology and clinical chemistry analysis were evaluated in juvenile hybrid striped bass at 4, 6, 9, 15, and 19 months of age. Values for PCV and RBC indices were significantly lower, and plasma protein concentration was significantly higher in younger fish. Total WBC and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in fish at 6 and 9 months of age, while neutrophil and monocyte counts were higher at 6, 9, and 15 months. Eosinophil counts were significantly higher in 9-month-old fish. The majority of hematologic values fell within previously established reference intervals, indicating that only slight modification to the intervals is necessary for evaluating hematologic results of hybrid striped bass at different ages. The following analytes deviated sufficiently from adult reference intervals to warrant separate reference values: plasma protein concentration at 4 months, WBC and lymphocyte counts at 15 and 19 months, and thrombocyte-like-cells at 9 months of age. Values for most biochemical analytes were significantly different among age groups except for creatinine and potassium concentrations. Comparisons with reference intervals were not made for biochemical analytes, because established reference intervals were not available. Age-related changes in hematologic and biochemical values of striped bass were similar to those reported for rainbow trout and mammals.  相似文献   

Use of hyposensitization injections to control seasonal pruritus in a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).     

Laurie J Gage  Sophie I J Vandenabeele  Stephen D White 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2005,36(1):88-94

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The Role of the Bark Beetle, Hylastes ater (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), as a Sapstain Fungi Vector to Pinus radiata Seedlings: A Crisis for the New Zealand Forestry Industry?     

Stephen D. Reay  Joanne M. Thwaites  Roberta L. Farrell  Patrick J. Walsh 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2001,6(3-4):283-291

The role of the bark beetle Hylastes ater in the re-establishment of Pinus radiata forest in New Zealand is discussed. H. ater was found to be a dominant factor in seedlings mortality in the first year following planting. However, seedling mortality is usually relatively low. In contrast, it was found the large numbers of seedlings were sub-lethally damaged by H. ater feeding attempts, particularly in high risk sites. High risk sites were identified as sites that were harvested during March and April (autumn) when the peak flight activity of H. ater occurred, and subsequently planted with P. radiata seedlings the following winter. H. ater was found to vector sapstain fungi to seedlings during feeding attempts, and a strong relationship between the severity of damage and presence of sapstain fungi was identified. The role of H. ater as a vector of these fungi and the potential implications to the New Zealand forest industry are discussed.  相似文献   

Evaluation of PCR,IEF and ELISA techniques for the detection and identification of potato cyst nematodes from field soil samples in England and Wales     

Said K Ibrahim  Stephen T Minnis  Anthony D P Barker  Mike D Russell  Patrick P J Haydock  Kenneth Evans  Ivan G Grove  Simon R Woods  Andrew Wilcox 《Pest management science》2001,57(11):1068-1074

Effective management of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) requires simple, rapid and accurate identification and quantification of field populations. Soil samples from a survey of 484 fields in potato rotations in England and Wales were used to compare the identification and quantification of PCNs using IEF, PCR, ELISA and bait plant tests. The cyst counts and bait plant test revealed that 64.3% of field samples contained PCNs. Bait plant tests increased the detection rate of PCNs in field samples by 4–6.4%. This means that some infestations are cryptic and would not normally be detected by standard counts. IEF, PCR and ELISA methods distinguished between Globodera rostochiensis and G pallida and were able to register mixed populations; however they were not in full agreement. All methods suggested that G pallida is the dominant species in the field samples tested. The PCR results indicated that 66% of field samples contained pure G pallida, 8% contained pure G rostochiensis and 26% contained mixtures of the two species. Estimates of the relative process times taken per sample in the PCR, IEF and ELISA techniques are given. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Characterization of residues in soybeans grown in soil treated with 1,3-dichloropropene soil fumigant     

David E. Barnekow  Stephen M. Brown  Sandra L. Byrne  Arlene W. Hamburg  Mike A. Huskin  Andrea M. Leisure 《Pest management science》1995,43(3):211-219

The metabolism of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) was studied in soybean plants grown in soil treated 24 days prior to planting with [U-¹⁴C]E- and Z-1,3-dichloropropene at 380 liters ha^?1. Isolation and identification of the ¹⁴C residue from soybean plants at 84 days (forage) and 176 days (mature) after application showed that no 1,3-dichloropropene or its putative metabolites, 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid, could be detected in any of the tissues. The components of the ¹⁴C residue included major plant constituents (i.e. fatty acids, protein, pigments, organic acids, sucrose and other carbohydrates, and lignin).  相似文献   

Impedimetric evaluation of compounds for antifungal activity versus Aspergillus niger     

Stephen D. Bryant 《Pest management science》1995,45(3):257-262

The procedure described utilized a microbial monitoring system (bactometer) to measure impedimetrically the inhibitory activity of known antifungal compounds (2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole [TCMTB], 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate [IPBC], chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and copper-8-quinolinolate [Cu-8]) on growth of Aspergillus niger Teigh. in a liquid medium. The MIC values determined were based on the activity of the compounds to inhibit a change in the capacitance of the medium during a 96-h period after inoculation. The MIC values obtained with the bactometer were compared with MIC values derived from the inhibition of radial growth of A. niger on the same liquid medium solidified with agar. The MIC values for all the compounds tested were substantially lower when determined with the bactometer than on agar. The impedimetric evaluation of compounds for antifungal activity offers advantages of speed, sensitivity, and data collection.  相似文献